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We can find three items in most corporate electricity bills:

• Consumption of active energy (kWh)
• Power factor consumption (kvarh)
• Power rating, contracted power or Maximum demand.

Traditionally, utilities companies have focused their energy saving efforts on the following:

• Reduction of the quantity of kWh consumed
• Improvement the electrical systems Power Factor

However, there is a third factor that can be taken into account to reduce the electricity bill: Adequate management of the power needed by a company.

• The optimum management of contracted power can allow us to:Reduce contracted power and adjust the levels of power required
• Prevent Maximum demand penalties (when a maximeter is hired)

Definition

The maximum demand is the power accumulated during a determined period, usually between 8 and 30 minutes. The most common period in most countries is 15 minutes. The power is calculated by the maximeter, which records the greatest value in a month, which is the month billed. Calculation of the maximum demand There are different ways of calculating the maximum demand:
Fixed WindowThe energy supply company provides an impulse during each period to synchronise the start of the maximum demand period.
Sliding windowThere are no synchronisation impulses, so that the last 15 minutes are used (in the case of 15 min periods). The value is updated with the last 15 minutes each second.
Time Synchronisation WindowThis is a variation of the fixed window. The supply company provides the synchronisation impulse at the start of the day, which indicates the start of the first period. During the rest of the day, the synchronisations of each period will be provided by the unit's clock instead of the electrical company. A new impulse will be sent by the company at the end of the day, in order to readjust the unit's clock with the company's clockThermal demandThe thermal demand is calculated by a bimetallic analogue maximeter or the electronic simulation of a bimetallic maximeter.

How can we control the maximum demand?The purpose of power control systems is to ensure that the maximum contracted power limit is not exceeded.Loads that can be disconnected:Packaging machinesGrinding machinesOther In general, all machines that do not affect the main production process or which are not essential.In addition, an electrical demand control program is highly recommended in the processes with an operation that has large variations in the maximum demand and low load factors, such as smelting, mining, automotive, textile and paper companies, among others.

Units used to control the maximum demand

CIRCUTOR, SA offers all units required for the optimum management of energy in your company. The different units measure instantaneous power and automatically calculate the power used that is exceeding the contracted power. Therefore, any load can be quickly and reliably disconnected with built-in relays.In addition, the CVM-R8 CPP and CA-4 units can control different rates and guarantee a more accurate control of your installation, depending on the contracted rate.
Operating methods
There are 2 ways to prevent exceeding the maximum demand:
PreventiveThe preventive method is used in companies that do not wish to connect or disconnect loads automatically.The system prevents any value above the contracted power with a system of visual or acoustic signals, so that an operator can manually disconnect determined loads.
PredictiveThe predictive method is the most common and intelligent method.It makes a forecast of the situation at the end of the period and optimises loads, so that the maximum number of loads can be connected, ensuring that the maximum limit programmed is not exceeded.This system is obviously valid for fixed window requests or windows with synchronisation.

The concern to measure the installation's consumption or any electrical parameter during the energy management procedures has arisen with the need to transform high currents into small currents that can be measured by electronic units.

CIRCUTOR offers a solution to these problems, with a vast range of transformers with different features that can cater for the main market needs.

We can find three items in most corporate electricity bills:

• Consumption of active energy (kWh)
• Power factor consumption (kvarh)
• Power rating, contracted power or Maximum demand. Traditionally, utilities companies have focused their energy saving efforts on the following:
  
  • Reduction of the quantity of kWh consumed
  • Improvement the electrical systems power Factor

However, there is a third factor that can be taken into account to reduce the electricity bill: Adequate management of the power needed by a company.The optimum management of contracted power can allow us to:

• Reduce contracted power and adjust the levels of power required
• Prevent Maximum demand penalties (when a maxi-meter is hired)

CIRCUTOR offers a wide range of fully programmable digital indicators and instruments that can be used to display electrical parameters or define an alarm system associated to an electrical parameter.

CVM Power analyzersNowadays, companies, industries or any consumer of electrical energy are trying to optimise costs to become the most competitive players in the market. We can act over a large number of parameters to save on costs, such as on the consumption of electrical energy.

CIRCUTOR'sanalyzers offer state-of- the-art technology, measuring a large variety of electrical parameters, with the main purpose of controlling and managing an installation, machine, industry, etc. thus optimizing the energy costs.

Definition
The CVM series of analyzers includes highly accurate metering stations that are aimed at the control and supervision of the main electrical parameters in three or four-wire, low and high volt- age, single and/or three-phase grids. In addition, they offer the most innovative technologies and offer metering in true root mean square. Its indirect current outputs use ITF technologies in the ./5 A secondary or ./1 A secondary: galvanic insulation protection inputs inductive and reactive capacitive energy, for each rate programmed (depending on the type).They incorporate the maximeter function, calculating the demand integrated in a programmable period (depending on the type). The integration is carried out with a sliding window and it can be carried out over the following adjustable parameters: three-phase current, active three-phase power, apparent three- phase power or current per phase.

What functions do CIRCUTOR's analyzers offer?

• They display and transmit all electrical parameters metered and/or calculated.
• They incorporate the metering function, storing in the memory the value of energy consumed and generated, even in the absence of an auxiliary power supply. Hourly discriminator with previous programming mode, thus obtaining a totalizer of active, apparent, reactive.
• Some of CIRCUTOR's analyzers can be expanded or offer modular capabilities, with additional functions that can be associated to any electrical parameter monitored or calculated, such as:
  
  • Multi-converter functions: analogue inputs and output.
• Alarm station or impulse generation function: digital inputs and outputs. The communications outputs, connection topologies and network protocols can be of different types.
  
  • Connections : Ethernet, RS-232, RS-485,
  • Radio Protocols: Modbus TCP, Modbus RTU, Profibus DP, Metasys N2 and XML.

Integration systems (Modbus RTU vs. Modbus TCP)
Until now, CIRCUTOR offered and is currently offering Ethernet communication gateways, (Modbus RUT), (TCP2RS code M54031), used for the integration of RS-485 equipment, making use of the Ethernet infrastructures existing in installations. Said gateways were designed for the communication with market SCADAs that did not have the possibility of establishing IP ad- dressing communications, since this was through a virtual port redirectioning software. Another problem with this type of communications was that it was a mono-master system, i.e., communications could only be established with slave equipment, with a single master or control PC. Communications could not be established with other equipment that was not established as a slave.
Fortunately, PLC data acquisition systems and other market masters, as well as the slaves commonly installed in these cases (three-phase power quality analyzers) have been unified under a standardized protocol that is very popular among manufacturers: Industrial Ether- net or Modbus/TCP.The implementation of this system has led to the standardization of the protocol so that any slave can be queried by various masters at the same time (up to eight), thus multiplying the different and diverse communication topologies in an energy control installation or in any process control situation (multimaster cases).Therefore, CIRCUTOR has launched its range of Ethernet analyzers again, implementing the new protocol with the main purpose of stand- ardising the communication methods used by most of the global manufacturers.

• CVMk2-ITF + k2-EXP-SD-MODBUS/ TCP:Power Quality AnalyzerM54400 / M54402 + Ethernet expanding module (Modbus/TCP) M54504
• CVM144-ITF-Ethernet-TCP:Power Quality Analyzer (Modbus/TCP): M50790
• CVM96-IT-Ethernet-TCP:Power Quality Analyzer (Modbus/TCP): M51241
• TCP2RS:Converter RS232-RS485 / Ethernet (Modbus/TCP): M54032
• LM50-TCP:Alarm / Impulse Centraizer (Modbus/TCP): M54032
• With this type of analyzers, the integration of CIRCUTOR's units with any market SCADA, PLC or control master is easier and simpler than ever.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE:Power Studio Scada Toph-performance management software designed for the analysis of the consumption of energy and other parameters metered by CIRCUTOR's equipment.

What can this software be used for?

• Control of the energy in an installation, analyzing the status of its lines and installations in real time.
• Simulation of receipts, depending on the version. It can be used to analyse the consumption of energy in the installations with the equipment supplied by CIRCUTOR and it also enables the simulation of bills, defining different rates, whether they are regulated or not.
• Study of the evolution of electrical parameters in time, such as: V, A, kW, etc, with graphs and tables. Data and graphs can be exported to draw up reports. Different analyzers can be used to analyse and study the quality parameters defined by the IEC 61000-4-30 Standard.

Electrical energy is becoming important in our current society, as a result of its constant growth and development. To this end, the rational and efficient use of electrical energy is very important.

Many companies or industries look for solutions to achieve a greater control over their consumption and manage the energy consumed more efficiently. CIRCUTOR offers an integral energy management solution, with state-of-the art technology, using energy meters with the Power Studio software.

Automatic power factor regulators, L.V. and H.V. power capacitors, automatic banks, harmonic filtering equipment, etc.

Nowadays, companies and industries are not only interested in controlling the consumption of energy in their installations, but they also aim at having a centralised control of the whole installation, so that it can be adequately managed and maintained.

CIRCUTOR offers its software range to address these issues: PowerVision and PowerStudio. PowerStudio is used to read the instantaneous values of all of CIRCUTOR's units in real time, with the generation of a log that is stored in a PC, which can be studied later on. In addition, PowerVision can be used to download the data stored in the units with internal memory.

Applications
PowerStudio billing application + PS scada application

In many applications, such as control and distribution panels, it is important to control the installation quickly and visually, with no need to interpret data to detect the installation's status. CIRCUTOR offers a solution to these needs with this range of products. Analogue indicators are essential to display an instantaneous electrical value with a needle that moves through a graduated scale.

Analogue and digital instruments, Current transformers, measurement converters, energy meters, portable/panel power analyzers, management software, etc.

CIRCUTOR offers a range of portable instruments that have been designed to detect the main electrical problems in industries and installations.

Definition

These portable power analyzers offer top performance features. They have been designed to cater for the requirements of any installation and type of measurement. The AR5 / AR5-L types have an internal memory that stores all parameters required: fully programmable. In addition, the same analyzer can have various types of software and their applications will be used in different types of analysis.

What are the advantages of portable power analyzers?

• Savings

Detection and prevention of excess consumption (kWh) Analysis of load curves to see the points of maximum demand of energy. Detection of the need for a capacitor bank in an installation, as well as their power.Detection of fraud in energy meters.

• Prevention

The AR5 series has been specially designed for the periodic maintenance of the status of low and medium voltage electrical networks; to check the motor start-up curves, detect potential saturations in the power transformer, power cuts, deficient quality of the power supply, etc.

• Resolution

Analysis of the source of problems in the electrical network in order to solve the problems of unforeseen trips, earth leakages, cable heating, resonance, harmonics, disturbances, flicker, phase unbalances, etc. At the same time, you can design the adequate size of active or passive harmonic filters and filters for speed variators, etc.

• Analysis programs

CIRCUTOR offers 6 types of programs (only for AR5 / AR5-L) :

1. Harmonics: Analysis of all electrical parameters: voltage, current, power, energy and a long etcetera.
2. Disturbances - Power supply quality: Detection of interruptions, gaps, over-voltages or any alteration in the wave shape.
3. Flicker: The flicker in the installation can be studied.
4. Fast Check Motor start-up: Single or three-phase studies can be performed to capture the voltage, current, power and power factor during cycle periods.
5. Check Meter: Checks the measurements of electronic and mechanical meters. It also determines the errors in active energy or PF meters.
6. Leak Meter: Detection and analysis of leakages (earth leakages).
7. File Vision: Display of the records on the unit, with no need for a PC.

Electrical energy meters for billing, power quality analyzers and remote reading accessories.

Industrial earth leakage protection, protection relays, test and measuring equipment for substations, filtering reactors, etc.