Vikram ENT Hospital

Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri, Tamil Nadu

Air conditioning - Nose helps in conditioning the inspired air by adjusting the temperature and humidity before getting into the lungs. Filtration - The hairs in the nostrils helps to filter the dust, Bacteria or any foreign particles to enter the lungs thus acting as filtration medium. “A total of 500 cubic tons of air we breathe everyday through Nose.” More than 10 million populations per year suffer from Nasal diseases and conditions. As described by the ENT doctors some of the common cosmetic procedures of the nose are nose surgery, laser nose surgery, and nose reconstruction surgery and rhinoplasty treatments.

Cochlear implant in India is a very rare curative procedure then. Under the leadership of Dr. P.G.Visvanathan, Dr.Aruna Viswanathan and Dr.Anjana Visvanathan, we offered this technology to India, thereby making the cure for hearing loss accessible and affordable. The cochlear implant surgery is a very handy treatment for those who suffer from severe hearing loss or deficiency. Here, an electronic device (a receiver-stimulator) is implanted inside the ear of the patient. The implantation of this type is specially created electronic chip takes place in the rear portion of the temporal bone, which is known as the ‘mastoid bone’. This instrument will receive the sound codes through an outside mechanism comprising of a transmitter, receiver, and a processor. Then it decodes the same and gives the required notifications to the brain. ‘Cochlear Implant’ is relatively a short surgical process, which needs only two or three hours to complete. In most cases, common anesthesia is enough to perform this procedure. Cochlear implant procedure in India is easy these days. However, one must make sure to approach the best ENT surgeon in India, who is well aware of the modern implant otology procedures. Usually, the implanted device will be activated after 1 to 4 weeks, depending upon the patient’s recovery from the surgery wounds. The techniques used are the finest here for both adults and children.

The outer part of the ear consists of the pinna (auricle) and ear canal. The basic function of the external ear is to amplify and adjust the sound frequency (around 3 kHz) and pressure (around 30-100 fold). As described by ENT specialist in Coimbatore, a common cosmetic procedure of external ear includes ear reconstruction surgery, earlobe stitching, earlobe repair surgery, etc. The frequently seen external ear diseases are earwax, ear canal eczema, swimmer’s ear, foreign objects entry into the ear, and auricular perichondritis. The symptoms of external ear problems are shooting pain, discharge, swelling, redness, etc. Do not overlook the symptoms, because, treating the infection early is the best way to prevent the possible adverse outcomes. If you feel that you are going through one or more of the above symptoms take an appointment with our leading ENT specialist, Today! And get rid of your ear problems at the earliest.

Nose is the visible, protruding and triangular pyramid part of the face that bears the nostrils. Its root is faced upwards and base in the downwards. It is divided into left and right nostrils by the Nasal Septum. The important functions of nose are; smelling or olfaction - nose is an organ which helps us to smell the objects or food and respiration - nose helps in respiration of the lungs in the human body.

Air conditioning - Nose helps in conditioning the inspired air by adjusting the temperature and humidity before getting into the lungs. Filtration - The hairs in the nostrils helps to filter the dust, Bacteria or any foreign particles to enter the lungs thus acting as filtration medium. “A total of 500 cubic tons of air we breathe everyday through Nose.” More than 10 million populations per year suffer from Nasal diseases and conditions. As described by the ENT doctors some of the common cosmetic procedures of the nose are nose surgery, laser nose surgery, and nose reconstruction surgery and rhinoplasty treatments.

The Throat is a tubular structure that begins at the back of your mouth and transports air to the Trachea (Wind-pipe) and Larynx (Voice box). The throat also delivers the food to Oesophagus which is connected to the stomach. Throat contains Epiglottis which prevents the inhalation of the food and drink, back into the windpipe and lungs. The Throat is considered as an integral part of the Human body as it works on delivering the food to the stomach, which is required for growth and development of the human body. When infection occurs in the throat, it becomes the major concern. Diseases of the throat lead to difficulty in speech and eating resulting in general weakness. Most of the throat diseases affect the children than the adults. Ear, Nose and Throat surgeons in India describes the most common infections affecting the children are a Sore throat, Tonsillitis, Pharyngitis, Oral candidiasis and Mouth ulcers. Some diseases like Oral cancer and Oral Candidiasis are seen in immune- compromised patients. Throat symptoms vary depending on the causation and the severity depends on the disease or disorder. It is always advised to approach an Ear, Nose and Throat specialist as early as possible and get treated effectively.

It is a condition of noisy breathing while you sleep. During sleep, the pharyngeal muscles relax and the size of the lumen is reduced leading to the airway obstruction, causing vibration of the sounds snoring. It may affect any age group from infancy to aged persons. It is found that snoring is related to daytime dysfunction and heart disease. In most cases, spouse or the relative sleeping next to the affected person is more affected than the snoring person himself. Causes of snoring Snoring may be due to the medical conditions such as Adenoids, Nasal Polyp or due to Deviated nasal septum which gives a minimal area for breathing. The hormonal changes in the females after the Menopause also have added to the causes to Snoring. In children, Tonsillitis and Adenoids lead to the nasal obstruction and Snoring. Enlarged and thick Uvula can be an additional cause. Effects of snoring Though there is no immediate effect of snoring on a person, it can lead to disturbed sleep pattern and thereby lead to hypertension and cardiac problems. Poor sleep itself can be a problem for the person resulting in poor work performance the next day. Treatment for snoring Snoring and sleep apnea treatment depends on the cause and pathology involved. At Vikram ENT Hospital we use devices such as watch pad polysomnography to monitor/track your sleep pattern. For idiopathic causes, where there is no pathology seen, Orthopedic Pillow will be helpful. This pillow helps in easy passage of the air. Laser surgery for snoring is recommended in case of Adenoids and Polyps.

Skull base & Otoneuro surgery Skull base & Otoneurosurgery are used to treat tumours formed at the base of the skull or on the auditory nerve respectively. Skull base surgery Tumours that are formed at the base of the skull and the bony ridge behind the eye and nose are called skull base tumours. Such tumours cause paralysis, facial pain or numbness, headache, nosebleeds, recurrent sinus infection and even loss of vision, smell and hearing loss. This is why it is imperative to remove these tumours immediately through Skull Base Surgery. Skull base Surgery is a specialized kind of surgery which is an interface of ENT surgery with Head and Neck Surgery. The objective of Skull Base Surgery is to remove any tumours on the underside of the skull. Usually, Skull Base Surgery involves minimally invasive surgery techniques to remove the tumours located at the base of the skull. Skull Base Surgery is used to treat Pituitary tumours Trigeminal neuralgia Cerebrospinal fistula Craniostenosis Meningioma Chordoma Craniopharyngioma Cerebral Aneurysms Vestibulocochlear nerve disorders Neurofibromatosis Skull Base Surgery is usually preferred due to the following reasons It is minimally invasive There is no need to open the skull through a craniotomy Removal of skull portions or facial muscles to access the tumours is avoided Damage to the cerebral nerve and skull structure is minimal Risk of infection is less Disfigurement of the face is totally avoided Recovery is quicker

We at Vikram ENT Hospital & Research Institute use laser for wide range of ENT related procedures. Some of the areas where we use KTP 532 laser are Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, Vocal Cord Surgery, and Cochlear Implant Surgery. This motivated and productive application of KTP 532 laser has made us one of the leading ENT specialist center globally. Laser The word laser is the short form of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. This beam is created by the structured process of optical amplification, which is done by the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation. This light-form is quite different from the other varieties of lights commonly seen. Laser is more consistent and cohesive by nature, and because of this property, the same can be focused on specific points for generating higher degrees of energy, which will be useful for performing jobs like laser cutting and lithography. Laser in Therapeutic ENT Treatments At Vikram ENT Hospital we pioneered the use of lasers for ear, nose and throat surgery. Laser is a close band of extremely powerful light rays (a group of photons), which possess single wavelength and similar features, and wherein all the rays have identical length and strength, and pass together taking a uniform direction. If this powerful rays is focused through a lens into a specific spot, highly intense energy can be created; this energy is used in the laser treatments. For instance, laser is very much effective for coagulating or vaporizing the blood and body tissues. The present-day usage of lasers spreads across various arenas such as computer hardware, electronics, pharmaceutical purpose, etc. The use of laser is recommended for high precision, blood less treatments for ear, nose and throat disorders and endoscopic sinus surgeries. The overall effectiveness and the easiness of usage makes it even more accepted in delivering improved healthcare outcomes.

The Auditory Brain Stem Implant treatment is recommended for those who suffer from a typical medical condition called ‘Neurofibromatosis Type II’, or from severe deafness and auditory glitches such as ‘auditory nerve aplasia’, ‘cochlea ossification’, etc. Vikram ENT Hospital is one of the top-ranked ENT care Hospital in India as far as the cochlear implant concerned. The ENT surgeon implants a typical electrical chip within the inner ear of the patient and with the help of the headphone that is worn externally the patient receives the properly deciphered sound. Our Hospital has a rich pool of the best ENT surgeons in India, who are experienced in otologic surgery and the related otology procedures. If you are at Vikram ENT hospital, the patient can be assured of the ‘auditory brain stem implant’ as it becomes an easy task. Dr.Anjana Visvanathan is an expert in implantation otology and she has vast experience in Otology.

We at Vikram ENT Hospital provide this advanced type of therapeutic treatment where the surgery is performed by experienced doctors, who can be categorized as the best ENT surgeons in India. The cosmetically improved Vibrant Sound Bridge Implant is a distinctive type of middle ear implant technique, which will be useful to patients who suffer from mild or severe sensorineural hearing disorders. In this technique, the environmental signals are converted into mechanical oscillations, which in turn facilitate the patient to follow and comprehend the sound. The benefit of using Vibrant Sound Bridge implant technology enables you to hear without a hearing aid. We have pioneered the use of VSB in south Asia.

Bone Bridge Implant treatment is suitable for curing the various ENT problems, including the one ear hearing loss. This procedure is done under general anesthesia usually as a Day Care Procedure. In this method, there is a visually detectable mechanism that has an external audio processor, which is worn behind the ear. The titanium fixture that is fixed in the mastoid bone will direct sound into the inner ear. The sound generated is converted into mechanical fluctuation because of the ‘BB Implant’, and this will be audible in the middle ear. As a result, high-frequency sound tones will be created, and the user can detect these tones easily.

Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA) is a useful treatment method for successfully solving any commonly seen hearing complaint. BAHA creates direct stimulation, which goes further than the external and the middle portions of the ear, and reaches the inner ear through the skull bone. In this method, the ‘titanium implant’ is fixed in the bone of the skull, just near the rear part of the earlobe. There will be an abutment that attaches the sound processor and the implant. Thus sound signals are converted into neural signals. This is a far better option than the conventional types of hearing aids. The user will be able to hear the better quality sound.

Doctors prescribe total or partial ‘Ossicular Reconstruction’ in compliance with the actual need of the patient. Here, the titanium implant is the abutment that facilitates the movement of the sound waves to the inner ear using the tympanic membrane, devoid of any disturbances or distractions. In the partial ‘Ossicular Reconstruction’, the replacement of malleus and incus are done rather than the stapes (the human middle ear bone). When you choose Vikram ENT Hospital for getting Ossicular Reconstruction surgery done, you can definitely make sure that the same is performed by the best ENT surgeon in India, who possesses up-to-date knowledge regarding otology procedures and technology used.

Earwax also known as cerumen, it is a secretion that protects the inner part of the ear of humans and the other mammal species. The secretion of the earwax signals proper functioning of special glands. This wax protects the eardrum from dust and other foreign bodies. However, if there is excessive secretion of cerumen, then the condition is called as earwax blockage.Common symptoms of ear wax blockages are; a typical dull to shooting pain in the ear that can make you irritated. Blocked ear; you will feel somewhat heavy inside your ear. You can hear weird noises in the ear and also experience a partial hearing loss, which may vary according to the degree of the blockage. If you experience the aforementioned symptoms, it indicates some problem with your earwax secretion which requires cleaning in a modern and safe manner. So do make an appointment with our ENT specialist at the earliest and get treated.

Dermatitis (dry flaky skin) that occurs in the ear canal (opening of the ear) and blocking the sound flow is called as Eczema. The itching of the inside ear is terrible and will make you fully indisposed and edgy. The cause of ear infection is the allergic substances or the occurrence of fungal infections inside the ear. ‘Seborrheic Dermatitis’ is the condition when dryness occurs in the earwax. Modern ENT treatment methods will help you to get rid of this medical condition of ear effectively.

‘Seborrheic Dermatitis’ is the condition when dryness occurs in the earwax. Modern ENT treatment methods will help you to get rid of this medical condition of ear effectively. Common symptoms of eczema are; Itching starts in a mild way and the patient will feel heavy within the ear. Bad smell near the ear, fluid discharge and inflammation in the ear canal. Pain starts and slowly mounts to the severe stage.Because of the blockage, the patient will experience provisional hearing loss.

Swimmers ear also known as otitis externa is seen mostly among swimmers or people exposed to water for long hours. This medical condition is due to water particles entering the inner part of the ear and stays there for the longer duration, making the skin damp which is suitable for the growth of bacteria and fungi to multiply. Common symptoms of Swimmer’s Ear is; Redness and Itchy ear, Flow of odorless fluid (ear discharge), inflammation and/or Shooting ear pain, Hearing loss. When the condition progress, the patient will have trouble in opening the jaw, this could be because of the swelling of the lymph nodes.

This often happens to children and occasionally to adults. The foreign particles (insect, dust particles, etc.) enter the ear accidentally and will affect the ear canal leading to disruption and discomfort in hearing. Avoid taking back the entered foreign objects by greenhorn methods, which will make things worse. Common symptoms of ‘Foreign Objects’ Entry are; The individual will feel uncomfortable and anxious. There will be throbbing feeling in accordance with the severity of the condition. One can notice movement or sound of insects or flies. If the entered body is an inert one, instead of movement, one will experience a blocked feel.

This medical condition is characterized by inflammation in pinna or perichondrium (lining of pinna), but not necessarily infectious. Auricular perichondritis is often due to trauma, insect bites, ear piercings or post-surgery complications, when left untreated, will end up forming chondrites. Common symptoms of Auricular Perichondritis: There will be swelling in the erythematous auricle and auricle will become warm and sore. The painful, pale red colored ear is the generally noticed first symptom. Infection in ear lobe

This is the most common symptom of any Nasal disease and is also called as stuffy nose may affect one or both nostrils. There may be complete or Partial or continuous or even intermittent type of obstruction. The Nasal obstruction depends on the side of the nose affected, or the disease condition involved or may be due to the medical condition of the person. Causes of nasal congestion Causes for Nasal congestion may include Nasal Polyp, Intranasal Tumours, Adenoids, Deviated Nasal Septum, infection of the sinuses, Common Cold, Rhinitis, Cold Weather or Temperature, Swelling inside the Nose, Foreign Bodies or any Cancerous growths. Symptoms of nasal congestion Symptoms include the Nasal Obstruction, Difficulty in breathing, Heaviness of the head due to the improper breathing, Headache may also be associated with the Nasal congestion. Nasal congestion has a serious effect on the infant born with Choanal Atresia and the baby may die if not treated early due to respiration problem. Nasal Obstruction in baby also interferes with the milk sucking, as the baby cannot latch properly due to the obstruction and leads to delayed and insufficient drinking. In children, Nasal Obstruction if not treated early may lead to Orthodontic problems (High arched Palate) and crowded teeth due to the Mouth breathing. Treatment for nasal congestion ENT doctors’ advice Nasal sprays, Nasal drops or for steam inhalation, for the immediate relief but in case of any growth or tumor then surgical methods are adopted.

Your sense of smell not only allows you to enjoy a variety of aromas, but also warns you of potential dangers. The total loss of smell is called as Anosmia and the partial loss of smell is called as Hyposmia. Nose helps in reflex secretion of the digestive juices by smelling the aroma of the food, making the person enjoy and taste the food. In case of Anosmia, as there is the loss in sensing the smell, food becomes bland and tasteless.In a few cases mainly in elders, Anosmia is a persistent problem that signals them for the underlying medical condition. Causes of Anosmia Anosmia is the common symptom for many nasal diseases; causes include nasal obstruction due to a nasal polyp, enlarged nasal turbinates’, swelling of the inner layer of the nose or the mucous membrane or due to an abscess which cause pressure on the olfactory tracts. It may be also due to Common cold, Allergic Rhinitis, intake of certain medications, Atrophic Rhinitis or any Injury to the Nose. The excessive use of may also lead to olfactory acuity (heightened sense of smell). Symptoms of Anosmia There is no signs and symptom of the anosmia, as it itself is a symptom of many nasal medical conditions. Treatment for Anosmia Treatment includes the correction of the disease involved. But Nasal Drops and Nasal Sprays can help in some conditions giving temporary relief.If there is any growth or polyp, then surgery will be advised. ENT Doctors advice for the testing of the Anosmia by asking the patient to smell any object or food like Vinegar, Garlic, Onion etc with each side of the nostril by closing the eyes.

It is the most common symptom in the Nasal disease and is characterized by excess mucus secretion in one of the airways.The mucous membranes of the Nose always produce the mucus which runs through our Posterior nares and then descends down into the stomach and digested. But when there is some infection in the nose, the amount of the secretion varies. Causes of Nasal Catarrh Acute - Allergic Rhinitis, Common cold because of Virus like Influenza virus or Streptococcus or Staphylococcus virus. It may be also due to Bacterial infections like Diphtheria. Chronic- Catarrh may continue to later stages in Atrophic Rhinitis, Sinusitis, and Deviated Nasal Septum resulting in a chronic condition. Symptoms of Nasal Catarrh Symptoms include frequent sneezing, stuffy nose, watery thin nasal discharge with the postnasal drip, dry cough, headache, and pain in the face, Hoarseness of voice, Nasal congestion, and in later stages the discharge may get thickened resulting in secondary infection. Blood mixed mucous seen in infected Catarrh. It may last for few hours to few days and can occur any time of the day or season of the year. Treatment for Nasal Catarrh Treatment depends on the type of Catarrh involved, the onset, duration and the cause of the medical condition. In case of nasal obstruction, nasal sprays and steam inhalation are advised by the ENT specialist.

When a thin wall present between the nasal passages is displaced or deviated is called as Deviated Nasal Septum. Deviations may be slight with no symptoms or very marked with the Obstruction of the Nasal cavity.. Causes of Deviated Nasal Septum Physical - Any injury to the wall of the nose may result in the displacement of the cartilage. Dentition - During the primary and the secondary dentition, in order to accumulate the teeth the Palate widens resulting in DNS. Hereditary Factors - Some families have genetically inherited the DNS. Types of Deviated Nasal Septum Anterior deformity - The septal cartilage may be dislocated or one of the nasal chambers is fractured. C - Shaped deformity - In this the septum is deviates to one side, the other side may be wider and show some growths. S- Shaped deformity - Here septum shows the S-shaped curve. It may cause both nasal obstructions. Spurs - It is a shelf like projection at the junction of the bone and cartilage. Symptoms of Deviated Nasal Septum Most common symptoms include nasal obstruction, others common symptoms are headache , sinusitis, nose bleeding, facial pain, abnormal sounds during breathing, preferring to sleep on one side, anosmia and secondary complications may also include middle ear infections. Treatment for Deviated Nasal Septum Treatment depends on the type of Deviation involved, if the deviation is slight with no many symptoms, then no treatment is necessary. If there is mechanical obstruction with difficulty in breathing then the ENT doctor opt for Septoplasty.In this procedure, the septum is either straightened or repositioned to the middle of the nose.In children with DNS conservative septal surgery methods are adopted.

Foreign bodies mean the lodgment of any substance or object within the nasal cavity. It is usually seen in children. Children usually push in some piece of papers, chalk, button, seeds into their nose knowingly or unknowingly. Most of the children do not inform regarding the objects, it is only noted after the commencement of symptoms. Symptoms of foreign bodies in the nose There may be unilateral, foul smelling, and sometimes blood stained discharge from the involved nose.There can also be Nasal obstruction with difficulty in breathing and pain of the affected nose due to swelling of objects like seeds. Treatment for foreign bodies in the nose Treatment involves a simple procedure of removal of objects using forceps by an ENT surgeon, but in a non-cooperative child, it is removed under General Anesthesia using the forceps. Complications of foreign bodies in the nose There may be serious complications associated with the foreign body. If not noticed early there may be a chances of rhinolith formation i.e stone formation inside the nose with bleeding and pain in the nose. There are also the chances of inhalation into the Lungs giving rise to more complications.

It is also known as allergic rhinitis. It is a type of inflammation in the nose which occurs when the immune system overreacts to the allergens in the air. It is a disease which affects the new born to the adult. Causes of hay fever Causes include allergens like exposure to dust, pollen, gas, smoke, perfume or any other smell to which the person is the reactant. In some cases the genetic factors are also seen. Types of hay fever Seasonal - Wherein the symptoms occur only in a particular season - from the pollen of plants which are present in the air. Perennial - Symptoms are present throughout the year making the patient sick and uncomfortable. Symptoms for hay fever Symptoms occur in acute and delayed phase.The Acute phase includes within 5-30 minutes of exposure and in delayed phase the symptoms may start within 2- 8 hours of exposure. Most common symptoms of hay fever include the running watery thin nasal discharge, violent sneezing, itching of the eyes, redness of the eyes, loss of sense to smell, irritation in the throat and nose, watery eyes, headache due to continuous sneeze, Hoarseness of the voice, nasal congestion, cobbler appearance of the Conjunctiva, edema of the eye lids and mouth breathing. Treatment for hay fever The ENT doctors mainly advice to avoid contact with the allergens like a change of place, cleaning the work place, removal of pet waste and avoiding the particular food.Decongestants will help to reduce the allergy symptoms. In severe cases Antihistamines and Corticosteroids are given. Immunotherapy is also conducted for the patients with failure of any medications.

It is a painless non-cancerous growth inside the lining of the nose and paranasal sinuses. They are immovable and can become pedunculated on sneezing. It is seen as a glistening, shining grape- like growth which is pale in colour.A Nasal polyp has no sensation, no pain, no bleeding.A Nasal polyp may be multiple or bilateral too. Types of Nasal polyp There are two types of nasal polyps and it includes Bilateral ethmoidal polyp which arise from the Ethmoid sinus and Antrochoanal Polyp which begin from maxillary sinuses. They are unilateral and less common. Causes of nasal polyp Most of the causes include Chronic Rhinitis, Asthma, Aspirin intolerance and Sinusitis. Nasal polyp is mostly caused due to the collection of fluids within the nose and they continue to swell forming a Polyp. Symptoms of nasal polyp Symptoms include Nasal congestion, nasal stuffiness, loss of smell and taste, complete or partial loss of smell, Headache due to the pressure, sinusitis and sneezing, snoring, watery thin discharge and pain the upper teeth region. Treatment for nasal polyp ENT doctors usually follow the conservative treatment by giving Steroids for the application. In severe cases surgery (polypectomy)is done for the removal of the polyp.

Tonsillitis is the infection or inflammation of the tonsils. It is roughly estimated that nearly 7.5% of the populace suffering from recurrent Tonsillitis, and the frequency of the same is about every 3 months once. It is most common in school going children and occurs mostly during winter seasons. Causes of tonsillitis The main causes of tonsillitis are persistent cold, viral, and bacterial infections, and allergies. If the cause is the bacteria Streptococcus A, then the disease is termed as ‘Strep Throat’. Symptoms of tonsillitis The main signs and symptoms of tonsillitis are body ache, fever, general weakness, sore throat, red swollen tonsils; bad breathe and stomach pain mainly in children’s, difficulty in swallowing food or liquids, white pus-filled spots on the tonsils, and inflammation in the lymph nodes on the neck. Treatment for tonsillitis Gargling using hot salt-water is the best remedy; along with this, the patient can also take mild analgesics. On repeated infections of tonsils in a person then the ENT specialist may advise Tonsillectomy. As far as the condition of ‘Strep throat’ is concerned, doctors generally prescribe oral medication of penicillin, and if the patient is allergic to penicillin, then doctors might advise equivalent substitutes such as ‘Cephalosporin’.

This medical condition is characterized by the inflammation of the Pharynx and generally called as ‘Sore throat’ and together with cough; it is diagnosed in more than 2 million people per year in India. It is more common in the winter season. Causes of pharyngitis The most common causes of ‘Pharyngitis’ are viral and other bacterial agents such as measles, adenovirus, chicken pox, croup and whooping cough and streptococcus A. Symptoms of pharyngitis The commonly seen symptoms of ‘Pharyngitis’ are a Sore throat, difficulty in swallowing, sneezing, runny nose, chills, red swollen throat, fever, general weakness, and cough. Treatment for pharyngitis Many symptoms do not require medication. It requires rest, warm salt water gargling and using a humidifier. Sometimes, doctors prescribe analgesics to control the pain and irritation. In cases of strep A infection, antibiotics are prescribed. It is self-limiting.

This throat condition is very much common in people who suffer from HIV and Leukemia. It is the fungal infection of Candida albicans that grows on the mucous membrane of the mouth. This condition is also termed as ‘oral thrush’. Causes of oral candidiasis: This medical condition is caused by the fungi called ‘Candida Albicans’, and most commonly known as fungal infection of the throat. The causal factors of oral candidiasis are nutritional deficiencies, decreased production of saliva, dentures and oral cancer. Symptoms of oral candidiasis The indications may vary in accordance with the severity of the condition. Acute symptoms – You may notice infection of gums, reddening of the tongue and cracks at the corners of the mouth. Chronic symptoms – Chronic symptoms of oral candidiasis are seen in Immunocompromised patients such as HIV and Leukaemia. Symptoms include hard rough plaques and white patches on the tongue also known as curdled milk or cottage cheese. Here symptoms last for more than a month. Treatment for oral candidiasis Acute symptoms are self-limiting and may require antifungal drugs. For chronic conditions immediate consultation with an ENT doctor is imperative.

This medical condition of throat occurs mainly in children. The medical term is ‘epidemic parotitis’ and is contagious by nature. It is an air borne infection or caused by direct contact with infected person. Once the infection has runs its course, the person is immune for the rest of his life. Reinfections of mumps are mild and minimal. Causes of mumps - The causal factors of mumps is usually an infection involving one or both Parotid Salivary glands. It is caused by a virus commonly known as Mumps Virus. The virus is transmitted via respiratory droplets during Sneeze or Cough in children. Symptoms of mumps Signs & Symptoms of mumps starts after 16-18 days of exposure. It includes painful swelling parotid salivary glands, fever, and muscle pain, loss of appetite, headache and tiredness. Complications of mumps In some cases, the disease can lead to further complications like ‘brain infections’, ‘permanent deafness’, and ‘painful swelling of testicles’ in men and swelling of the ovaries in women and pancreatitis. Treatment for mumps Doctors usually advise the local application of ice or heat on the affected part, analgesics, warm salt water gargle, soft food, and liquid diet, ample rest and avoiding acidic foods as it causes pain in the salivary glands. Prevention of Mumps It is possible to prevent getting ‘Mumps’ by taking the precaution of MMR vaccine. This is usually taken between the ages of 12 and 15 months as a routine visit to the pediatrician. MMR vaccine includes the vaccine for ‘Measles’ and ‘Rubella’ also.

It is a condition in which there is an excessive and abnormal accumulation of the Cerebrospinal fluid within the brain. It is most commonly seen in infants and children. Causes of hydrocephalusr Congenital - There may be an infection of the fetus during pregnancy with diseases like Rubella and Cytomegalovirus. Acquired - Due to Bacterial Meningitis, Posterior fossa tumors, Arteriovenous malformations. Symptoms of hydrocephalus In congenital there may be difficulty in the normal labor due to the large size of the head. This may lead to injury with bleeding, tumors or infections of the head. Other symptoms include irritability, headache, personality behavioral changes, nausea, vomiting and drowsiness. Diagnosis CT scans, Pneumoencephalography and MRI scans are helpful. Treatment for hydrocephalus It may be self-limiting if not then Ventricular shunts are available to drain the fluid to avoid irreparable damage.

It is a benign primary headache disorder usually characterized by frequent headaches in moderate to severe forms. Causes of a migraine It includes genetic and hormonal causes, gastric problems, hunger, alcohol, physical exercise, glare, sunlight, tension and stress or by any other chemical stimulant. Symptoms of the migraine include 4 phases 1. Prodrome phase - where there are altered mood and behavior, muscular stiffness and sensitivity. 2. Aura phase - It lasts from a few minutes to less than 1 hour. There is blurred vision with disturbances in reading and walking. 3. Pain phase - Moderate to severe pain, one sided throbbing type of headache, sensitivity to sounds and light, nausea, vomiting. Attacks are usually 4-72 hours and are frequent and repeated in nature. 4. Postdrome phase - which includes weakness and depression of the person. Diagnosis It is generally diagnosed through clinical history and symptoms. Neuroimaging also helps in the evaluating the case. Treatment for a migraine It includes mild analgesics to other specific medicines for the Migraine.

It is usually a non- cancerous growth with little knots of capillaries in various organs. It is due to the multiplication of the cells forming a tumor in any part of the body. They are sponge-like with large dilated spaces. It is commonly associated with Von Hippel - Lindan disease Symptoms of angiomatosis Symptoms of angiomatosis usually depend on the organs involved. But common symptoms are a headache, dizziness, weakness of limbs, an imbalance in walking, vision problem, high blood pressure and other heart related disorders. Prognosis depends on the size and location of the tumor. There are cases of death if associated with Kidney and Brain. Diagnosis CT and MRI scans help in the location and size of the tumor thereby helping diagnosis and further treatment. Treatment for angiomatosis It depends on the organ involved. Mainly Surgical excision of the tumor by a specialist doctor is done.

It usually arises from the diseases of the cervical spine and soft tissues of the neck which gets triggered by the movements of the neck. Causes of neck pain It includes Injury to the cervical spine due to the fractures or accidents, or spinal compression. Cervical disc diseases, Cervical spondylosis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, abscess or swelling in the neck region, metabolic bone disorders are more common causes. Symptoms It includes pain, swelling, tenderness of the parts, neck stiffness, immobility of the neck, pain may be localized or may radiate to the involved arms, hands and fingers. Treatment for neck pain In cases of injury the pain is self-limiting but other causes to be treated specifically. Physiotherapy and neck muscle strengthening exercises can help to some extent.A Soft cervical collar is advised in severe pains and immobility.

A Cyst is a closed cavity which has its own outer membrane and is differentiated by the nearby tissue. It is a group of cells forming together into a cyst. It may be filled by air, fluids or semi-solid material. Some cysts also can become cancerous by rapid multiplication forming a tumor. A Cyst can occur in any part of the body. The common Head and Neck cysts are sebaceous cyst and Pilar cyst which occurs on the scalp, Arachanoid cyst in the arachanoid membrane of brain, Choronoid plexus cyst and colloid cyst in the brain, Dentigeous cyst within the oral cavity. Causes of cyst Causes of cyst are usually unknown, but injury or trauma within the organs or membranes may be the probable cause. Symptoms of cyst Symptoms of cyst depend on the location and size of the cyst. It is usually painless but may be associated with the organ related symptoms. Diagnosis Usually noticed when the patient has to present complaints pertaining to an organ or region, X-Ray, CT and MRI scans helps in revealing the existence of the cyst. Treatment Local surgical excision can be done. If it is a cancerous cyst, then along with excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are to be followed.

Spasm is the involuntary contraction of the single muscle or a group of muscles. It may lead to the tear in muscles, tendons or ligaments depending on the force of the contraction. Tetanus and Epilepsy are the two common diseases of Head and Neck region. Tetanus Caused by the bacterium ‘Clostridium tetani’. It is usually seen in rust or rusty nails. The Body gets infected by the break in the skin during cut or puncture. Symptoms include Lock jaw, difficulty in opening mouth and difficulty in swallowing food. Spasms begin from the jaw and then progress to rest of the body. Spasms may last for a few minutes. It may lead to headache, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, fever and fracture of bones. Prevention is done by Tetanus toxin vaccine soon after an injury and during pregnancy it is advisable to vaccinate to prevent the fetus from being infected.

It is the rigidity of the neck muscles where the patient experience discomfort or pain in the movement of the neck and shoulders. Causes of neck stiffness acute cause may be due to the wrong position during sleep, muscle sprain or strain due to heavy weight lifting or due to muscular spasm. And other causes may include injury to the cervical disc either by compression of the nerves or by herniation of the cervical disc. Meningitis may be one of the most important causative factor. Symptoms of neck stiffness Pain in the region of the neck, tenderness, restricted movements of the neck and shoulders. Treatment for neck stiffness Doctors usually follow the conservative line of treatment like mild hot sponge bath or physiotherapy or exercise to strengthen the muscles of the neck and arms. Other causative factors may follow specific treatment.

It is also called as neck muscle strain. Whiplash is due to the trauma or injury to the muscles and ligaments by over rotatory movements of the arms. It is differentiated from the muscle sprain, sprain leads to the tearing of muscles. It is mostly seen in athletes and sports persons. Causes of whiplash Causes of whiplash are due to an injury or trauma and also due to overuse of muscles of the arm. Symptoms of whiplash Pain of the affected muscles, restricted movements, stiffness of the muscles, difficulty movements of the limbs, tenderness of the muscle and headache at the base of the neck. Diagnosis CT scans, X-Rays and history of injury gives the diagnosis. Treatment for whiplash It is generally treated by the Cold application on the affected parts followed by the heat fomentation. Analgesics to reduce the pain and Neck braces and collars for immobility from preventing further damage. Physiotherapy can also be advised.

A Pustule is a small eruption on the skin with infected pus inside. Pus may be white or yellow in color. It is due to the death of the inflammatory cells. It may be present in any part of the body or organ including the oral cavity and nasal cavity. Causes of pustule Causes of a pustule are viral infections like herpes zoster, herpes simplex, acne or boil or abscess or any other inflammation of the skin or tissue giving rise to a pustule. Blood dyspraxia may also lead to pustule formation. Symptoms of pustule Include stinging and burning pain in the region, tenderness, swelling and obstructive sensation. Treatment for pustule - It includes correction of the diseases involved. Antibiotics and analgesics to relieve the pain are advised.

Torticollis is also called as WRY NECK. In this medical condition there is a fixed movement of the neck. Causes of torticollis Causes of torticollis may be congenital and acquired. Congenital includes injury during birth, hard mass on neck at birth. Acquired causes are diseases like cervical vertebrate diseases, tonsillitis, adenitis, rheumatism, enlarged cervical glands and abscess in the larynx or pharynx. Symptoms of torticollis The most common symptoms of torticollis are neck pain, tenderness of the cervical spine. Movements may be to one side, forward bending, and backward bending or may be combination of two movements. In case of congenital torticollis, it is diagnosed by the USG of the neck and color histogram after 1-4 weeks of birth. The conservative line of treatment such as physiotherapy and exercise are preferred in self-limiting disorders. Surgery is performed after 1 year of birth in congenital cases.

This medical condition is defined as the perverted sensibility or the abnormal sensation without any physical or external cause. Examples include tingling, pricking, numbness and crawling of bugs or ants. In Greek language Para means abnormal and aesthesia means sensation. Symptoms of paresthesia Symptoms of paresthesia are transient and chronic. Transient symptoms involves in the hands, feet, legs and arms. These are electric shock like symptoms. There may be panic attacks, short breaths, cold sore, pain and tingling sensation. Chronic symptoms of paresthesia Chronic symptoms of paresthesia include the problem with the functioning of the neurons and poor circulation. It is due to vitamin deficiency or metabolic disorders like Diabetes mellitus, Hypothyroidism, Hyperparathyroidism, Carpal tunnel syndrome, Rheumatoid arthritis. Treatment for paresthesia depends on the condition of the patient and the removal of the cause.

Occipital neuralgia is also called as Arnold’s Neuralgia, where there is chronic pain in the upper and back of the neck and behind the ears. Causes of occipital neuralgia Causes of occipital neuralgia are tension headache, migraine, and glared vision, damage to the occipital nerves by pressure or compression or contraction due to injury to the neck. Symptoms of occipital neuralgia Most characteristic symptoms are the aching, sharp, shooting, zapping and throbbing pains. They are frequent in nature. Other symptoms include chronic attacks of headache, pain in the back, one sided headache, blurred vision, and difficulty in speech, pain in the eyebrows and behind the eyes. Treatment for occipital neuralgia The symptoms will reduce through heat, rest and physical therapy. Surgical intervention is followed when conservative methods fail.

What is Allergic Rhinitis? Our body has Antibodies which acts as the defense mechanism. It fights against the bacteria or any other foreign bodies from entering our body. This fighting antibodies sometimes gets aggressive and fails to identify, thinking any air particles entering the nose as its enemy and start fighting against it by secreting the high amounts of mucus to wash the particles from the nasal mucous membrane resulting in the disease called as Allergic Rhinitis. Causes Causes for Allergic Rhinitis may be due to allergens such as Pollen, dust, grass, perfumes, any particular food aroma or food, insects, termites, pets etc. There may also genetic predisposition of allergy in some patients. Symptoms Symptoms depend on the Acute and Chronic phase of the disease. Acute phase usually starts within 5-30 minutes after the exposure to allergens. Symptoms are violent sneezing, constant watery thin nasal discharge, irritation in the eyes, burning eyes, itching in the eyes, nose and the throat, hoarseness of the voice, nasal congestion, extreme weakness due to continuous sneezing and nasal discharge. Chronic symptoms are due to the repeated attacks of the acute phase. There may be a thick grayish discharge from the nose, edema of the eyelids, cobblestone appearance of the conjunctiva, loss of smell. Symptoms may occur both seasonal at the particular time of the year and perennial, i.e throughout the year.

When there is severe obstruction of the airway causing complete entry of air stoppage leading to the gasping breath during sleep is called Sleep apnea. It is considered a serious sleeping disorder and is two types, Obstructive sleep apnea and Central sleep apnea. This is of shorter duration, the patient wakes up instantaneously due to air blockage and takes a deep breath and sleeps again. This is also called as Obstructive sleep apnea. When a person gets 30 apnoeic bouts for more than 10 seconds within 6 hours of sleep, then he is considered as a sleep apnea patient. This medical condition is common in men than women. Causes of sleep apnea The pathological causes include Adenoids, Nasal Polyp and Deviated nasal septum (DNS). Children also suffer from Sleep apnea due to Tonsillitis and Adenoids. Children with Down syndrome are more prone to Obstructive sleep apnea. Obesity is also the prime cause for the sleep apnea, which is due to the deposition of the fatty tissues in the neck and the inner air way canal. Symptoms of sleep apnea Signs and Symptoms of sleep apnea include snoring, gasping of air when sleeping, waking up with dry mouth, and morning headache, excessive sleepiness during the day resulting in decreased work performance at work and in schools in cases of children. Children may also develop altered behavior, aggression and poor confidence, due to decreased concentration. Treatment for sleep apnea Usually treatment depends on the cause and managing the episodes of apnea. Weight reduction for Obesity is advised by the ENT doctors. Surgery following the causation is involved. In children, Adeno-tonsillectomy is preferred. Surgery is also performed to give stiffness to the pharyngeal walls. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) a facial mask helps in emitting the stream of air for proper ventilation during sleep is administered. Though it is effective it is not tolerated by many of the patients.

CO2 laser is a typical gas laser. Here, electricity passes through a specially designed tube saturated with gas, and this produces light. The generated wave of consistent light will have an uninterrupted flow, and the high cohesiveness with the wave length of 10600 nm. Both ends of the tube carry mirrors; one is partially transparent, while the other one is reflective by nature. The gas filled in the tube will be usually a mixture of carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, and helium. One key specialty of CO2 laser is that the created light will be imperceptible, because of longer wavelengths. The sharp power to damage even a small portion precisely, to rectify the problems that have cropped up there, it has a sharp power to damage. CO2 laser for medical purpose CO2 lasers are efficiently used in Otolaryngological treatment procedures. Otolaryngology is a therapeutic process (surgical) that is meant for eliminating the diseases that are associated with ear, nose, throat, head, and neck. In general, this laser treatment is done for the diseases that occur in the larynx, oral cavity, nose, tracheobronchial conditions such as respiratory papillomatosis, tracheal stenosis, granulation tissue, bronchial adenoma, and in ear ailment treatments myringotomy, stapedectomy, acoustic neuroma, etc. CO2 laser is also used for the effective curing of ‘transoral airway cancer’ and for pathological purposes. The treatment of ‘Pediatric Airway Lesions’ has also become uncomplicated with the advent of CO2 lasers. In brief, the handiness of CO2 lasers has made the therapeutic treatments for the aforementioned ENT diseases uncomplicated and simple.