Seeds #5330543

Common in our forests mostly in eroded ravine lands, and occurs with species like Soyamida febrifuga. It avoids waterlogged areas, but occurs locally in clay soils. Identified by dark grey crocodile bark with red blaze. A good species for afforesting bare hill slopes. It has poor coppicing capacity and produces root suckers sparingly.  

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Drupe, globose (0.8 to 1.3 cms dia.), black when ripe. Stones hard, 2-valved; seeds biconvex, oily; the fruits and kernels are edible.

Seed Collection and Storage : Fruits can be collected from the tree in April-May and depulped to get the clean seed; The viability period is one year when stored in sealed tins.

Pretreatment : Overnight soaking in cold water.

Nursery Technique : Direct sowing is more successful than planting out bag plants. The seeds are sown in polybags in June and a layer of hay is spread over bags. Germination starts after 15 to 20 days. Development of the seedlings is slow.

This is a native of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia. In A.P., it is grown as an ornamental plant in the gardens, households etc. It is identified by drooping branches with stiff linear leaves and coarse flaky bark. Recommended for plantation on moist sites, on the banks of the canals and lakes.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruits capsular, cup-shaped, hard, woody, greyish brown in colour about 0.5 cm long, 3-celled, dehiscent. Seeds are very minute.

Seed Collection and Storage : Inflorescence stalks are plucked off the tree as soon as the fruits ripen, dried in the sun and macerated. Then it is winnowed to separate the seeds from the husk. The seeds can be stored in a sealed tin. The seed has viability for one year.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Seeds mixed with sand or saw dust are broadcast in the primary beds and covered with a layer of husk. After 45 days, the seedlings are transplanted into polybags. One year old seedlings are planted out.

Occurs in dry forests, easily distinguished by its panicled, globular inflorescence and stipular thorns. Recommended for plantations in degraded soils and it can also be tried in alluvial soils.

Fruiting : Pods 10 to 20 by 0.5 to 1 cms in size; linear, sub-indehiscent and glabrous. Seeds 10 to 20, irregularly elliptical, 5 to 6 mm by 4 to 5 mm in size, dark brown, smooth and shining.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 10 to 20 by 0.5 to 1 cms in size; linear, sub-indehiscent and glabrous. Seeds 10 to 20, irregularly elliptical, 5 to 6 mm by 4 to 5 mm in size, dark brown, smooth and shining.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe pods are collected from the tree, dried in the sun and then beaten with a stick to extract the seeds.

Pretreatment : Heating with water (20 times of volume of the seed ) to boiling and then leaving seed in water till cold; or soaking in conc. H2SO4 for 10 to 30 minutes after which the acid is removed and cold water is added.

Nursery Technique : Plants may be raised in polythene bags by putting 2 pretreated seeds in each polythene bag in May. Germination is noticed within a week. Watering and weeding is done regularly. Plants reach plantable size in the first season itself.

Not a frequent tree in forests, more often cultivated in gardens. Identified by attractive large white flowers with usually four white and one pink or variegated petal. It thrives in driest conditions and also can grow in shallow rocky soils. It is drought resistant and coppices well.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 15 to 30 cm by 1.8 to 2.5 cm in size, papillose when young, very venose and hard when mature, flat, bursting when fully ripe. Seeds 10 to 15 per pod, nearly circular, 1.3 to 1.9 cm in diameter, flat, brown, with some what coriaceous testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected just before dehiscence in May-June, dried in the sun on a mat covered with a cloth. The pods burst open and release the seeds. Seeds are cleaned and stored in a cool dry place. They retain their viability for one year in sealed tins.

Pretreatment : Soaking in cold water for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : Seeds are sown in drills in primary bed 25 cm a part. Germination starts in 4 to 10 days. After one month, the seedlings are pricked out to the polybags and 12 to 15 month old seedlings are planted out.

It is distributed throughout Andhra Pradesh, usually occurring scattered in mixed deciduous forests. Identified by young stem and branched covered with straight stout prickles and digitate leaves. Good growth of this species is obtained in deep alluvial soils having a considerable portion of sand and good moisture supply.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Capsules 10 to 18 cms long; oblong-ovoid, loculicidally 5-valved, lined with silky hairs within. Seeds many, obovoid, smooth, enveloped in dense silky floss, oily.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected before they open (generally in April-May); dried in the sun to open and release the seeds with cotton. The seeds are separated from the floss by putting them in gunny bags and thrashing with a stick. Fresh seeds are used for germination.

Pretreatment : Fresh seeds do not require any pretreatment.

Nursery Technique : The seeds are sown in May in primary beds in lines, 15 cms a part. When seedlings attain 5 cms height, they are pricked out into the polythene bags. Seedlings  are planted  out in   July   August  in 30cm 3 pits.

Found in the forests throughout the state. Identified by rigid coriaceous leaves with straight parallel lateral veins and strong spines on the bark of young stems. It is a drought hardy species, produces root­suckers and a good coppicer. 

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is globose, fleshy sweetish drupe, about the size of a pea, purple-black, seated on a hard enlarged calyx. 1 or 2 seeds with fairly thick bony shells. The seeds have brownish papery testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Fruits are plucked from the tree in December and heaped to rot for 2 to 3 days and then washed to remove the pulp. Then the pyrene (seed) is dried. Seeds do not store well.

Pretreatment : Soaking the seeds in cold water for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : Seeds can be sown in bigger polybags (because ofthe fast growth of the tap root) in January and watered regularly. Shade is necessary. Germination commences after 10 to 12 days. The growth of the seedlings is somewhat slow (5 to 8 cm in the first season).

It is common in mixed dry deciduous forests of Andhra Pradesh, Being in open grass land and scrub forests. Identified by trifoliate leaf and scarlet flowers. Recommended for afforestation in waterlogged areas, tankbund, black-cotton soil, saline-alkaline and badly-drained ground. It is a light demander, drought hardy, good coppicer, and develops root suckers. 

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 10 to 15 cms by 2 to 5 cms in size; flat, pale yellowish grey when ripe with only 1 seed at the apex. Seeds flat, reinform, 3-4 cms by 2-2.5 cms with thin papery reddish brown testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe pods are collected off the trees by stick in May and and stored in sealed tins. Viability is retained up to 1 year easily.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Pod segments containing seeds are sown in polybags in May. Germination commences within a week. Seedlings can be planted in August. Stump planting from one year old seedlings of the primary bed can be done. 

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 10 to 20 cms by 1.8 to 2.5 cms; reddish brown with darker blotches over the seeds when ripe, flexible and dehiscent. Seeds 6 to 12; 5 to 7 mm in size, flat, elliptical to nearly orbicular, hard, smooth, pale brown with a hard leathery testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected from the trees by cutting the branches; pods are dried in the sun for few days before they open. Seeds are extracted by gentle thrashing and winnowing. Seeds can be stored for 5 years without loss in viability.

Pretreatment : Soaking in boiling water and allowed to cool for 24 hours; or soaking in cold water for 48 hours.

Nursery Technique : Sowing is done in April to May in unshaded primary beds (i.e. in drills spaced about 7.6 x 7.6 cms). Seedlings are pricked out into the polybags when 2 months old. Stumps prepared from 1 to 2 year old plants, give very good results.

It is scarce in A.P., mostly found in Vishakapatnam Dist. of Andhra Pradesh. Identified by whorle-.: leaves, exudation of milky juice when cut, presence of a green fleshy scale like glands at the base. :­is totally absent in dry regions. Recommended for plantation on a soil.close to perennial streams.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is follicular; follicles 2, slender (thread like) up to 0.6 mt. long by 0.7 cm broad, several togeiM form the peduncles. Seeds 0.8 cm long, flattened, oblong with tuft of brownish haris of 2 cm or longer at either end.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seed years are irregular. When the pods appear black or deep-brown colour (i.e., in the first week ;of May), the branches are lopped and pods plucked. Pods are dried in the sun to hasten opening. The seeQ are stored in sealed tins upto June.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : In the nursery, the seeds mixed with ash are broadcasted in shaded beds in May. Either they can b;: transplanted in polythene bags for bag planting or left in the primary bed for stump planting.

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We guarantee our products are subjected to stringent quality policies to meet industry standards. Quality raw materials have been used for the production of our entire range. As a dependable name, we procure these raw materials only from trustworthy sources present in the market.

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Commonly found in dry deciduous forest. Identified by rough, grey bark cracking into oblong pieces; small, lightly curved twin intrastipular prickles; rachis of the leaf grooved with a large gland on the petiole and pale yellow flowers in axillary spikes. The growth of this species is very slow except in rich soils of a porous nature.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pod 8 to 18 cms long and 2 cms broad; dark brown, glabrous, reticulately veined, 4 to 7 seeded and tardily dehiscent. 

Seed Collection and Storage : Seed is available for collection from December-April. Ripe pods are collected from the trees, dried and seeds extracted, cleaned and stored. Storage is best effected in earthen pots. Viability is retained for 12 to 16 months. 

Pretreatment : Not required. 

Nursery Technique : Two seeds in each polythene bag is sown in January, watered and weeded. Germination starts within IO to 12 days. Larger seeds show better germinative capacity than smaller ones. Since the growth is very slow, 18 months old seedlings are planted in the field.

Found in Northern Circar tract of Andhra Pradesh. It is chiefly seen along rivers and swampy ground and it prefers a deep well drained alluvial soil. It is a fast growing, drought sensitive, browsable species and a copplcer.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is a pseudocarp which is a globose, orange coloured fleshy mass of closely packed capsule, each containing a number of minute seeds. The fruit looks like a ping-pong ball. The seeds are angular and not winged.

Seed Collection and Storage : Fruits are collected from the ground and heaped under shade and allowed to rot for 3 to 4 days. Pulp is washed off by hand in a bucket of water; seeds sink to the bottom and are separated and dried. The dried seeds can be stored for one year.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : The seed is sown in boxes or in raised nursery beds in February-March. The seed is broadcasted @ 130 gms. per square meter of bed and covered very lightly with fine sailor sand after which watering is done. Excessive watering is to be avoided. Germination starts within 15 days. Seedlings are much subjected to damage by insects. Two month old seedlings are transplanted into polypots.

Introduced from the West Indies but now naturalised everywhere. It grows on a variety of soils. Identified by thin grey bark and oblong lanceolate leaves with peculiar smell. This species is recommended for afforestation of bare, eroded and denuded areas. It is a light demander, drought resistant and good copplcer.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Carpels united into a large fleshy fruit, 5 to 10 cm diameter, warty, greyish black when ripe. Seeds numerous, embedded in a sweet pulp: Seeds oblong and brownish black.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected in September. Seeds are cleaned off their pulp and dried in the sun. Seeds do not retain their viability long.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Seedlings can be raised by putting the seeds in polythene bags. Germination takes place within 8 to 10 days. Watering is to be done regularly and one year old seedling is planted.

Forest Seeds. Kerala Forest Seed Center (KFC) is to collect seeds of superior trees/stands, process, grade, store and supply to KFD and other government departments, non governmental agencies, farmers and others interested in seed offorest tree species for propagation.

Frequently met with in all forests and also cultivated in gardens. Identified by deep-rose coloured, fragrant flowers. It grows on a variety of soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 15 to 30 cm by 1.5 to 2.4 cm in size, linear, firm, flat slightly decurved, greenish purple, glabrous, late in dehiscing. Seeds 12 to 15, suborbicular, 1.6, by 1.2 cm in size, dark-brown, smooth.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe pods are collected off the trees in January to March (Just before they burst open ) and dried in the sun for a few days. On drying, they burst and release the seeds, which are separaed, cleaned and stored. Viability remains for 8 months in air-tight tins.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Seeds are sown in bigger polybags in April to May and regularly watered. Seedling appear in about 10 days and are planted out during July to August.

It is a native of New Guinea, North Australia and Queensland. It has been successfully introduced in all parts of the state. It is identified by narrow oblong lanceolate phyllodes and yellow catkin flowers. It grows on a variety of soils such as red soils, laterite soils, gravely brown soils and sand dunes. It is sensitive to water stress. It is a light demander, can't withstand competition, non- browsable species and produces root suckers.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods lomentum, flat, almost woody; much twisted in irregular coils and green turning brown when ripe, splitting open along the edges. The seeds are brown to black in colour with a coiled yellow aril.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seeds profusely every year. Pods are collected in February-March from the branches; dried in the sun for 5 to 9 days to separate the seeds. Seeds are stored in air tight tins. The viability is retained upto 2 years.

Pretreatment : Soaked in cool water for 24 to 30 hours.

Nursery Technique : Usually polypot raised seedlings are used in plantations. 3 to 4 seeds are sown in each bag in March. Overhead shade may be necessary during the germination period which is removed once the germination is complete.

It is grown by Tribals and fanners for its fruits. It grows on a variety of soils. Identified by thickly coriaceous, dark green, shinning leaves and fruits developing on stem.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is a large, fleshly, oblong, more or less globose or cylindric raceptacle clothed with fleshy and enlarged perianths and carpels, the tips of which are hardened, appearing as conical spines. Seeds reniform, greyish and oily.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected during rains and cut open for extraction of seed. The seed is to be sown fresh since they lose viability very rapidly.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Sowing in polybags (filled with pulverised soil mixed with compost) is done in July. 2 seeds per container are sown. One year old seedlings are planted out in the field.

Its occurence in our forests is rather infrequent. It is not exacting as regards the soil requirement. Identified by dark green foliage, grey bark with irregular cracks and darker patches. It coppices well and produces root suckers.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 10 to 30 cms by 1.8 to 3.0 cms in size, thin, flexible, tomentose when young, but glabrous when old; reddish brown with darker blothces indicating the position of the seeds, shortly stipitate; seeds 8 to 12.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected by lopping the branches, dried in the sun and then the seeds are harvested. Seeds can be stored for quite a long period in gunny bags without loss of viability.

Pretreatment : To hasten the germination, soak the seeds in cold water for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : Treated seeds are sown in polybags in April. Germination starts after 7 to 10 days and is profuse. Seedlings reach plantable size by July to August.

It is generally seen in seasonal fresh water swamp forests. It generally occupies low lying areas along the edges of the .streams, rivers and round the edges of fresh water swamps. It prefers heavy and clayey soil but does not grow under saline conditions. Identified by delicately fragrant scarlet coloured flowers in slender, pendulous many flowered racemes.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is oblong, 3 cms by 1.5 ems in size, bluntly quadrangular, broadest in the middle, slightly narrowed towards the end. The fruit is crowned by the small persistent calyx. Solitary seed with thick embryo.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe fruits are collected from the banks. The seeds should be sown immediately. If it is to be stored for a couple of months, the best method is to dig a pit and keep the fruits in it. Viability is short.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : The fruits are sown in sunken beds at 7.5 x 7.5 cms to a depth of about 0.5 cms vertically. The watering is highly essential and it is to be seen that the beds remain wet throughout. Germination continues upto 6 weeks since the seeds exhibit small period of dormancy after sowing. The seedlings are ready for planting in the next rains but 2 year old seedlings are better since the seedlings attain a height of about 30 cms in a year.

It is an exotic from Australia. It resembles Acacia C'MB auriculiformis except that the phyllodes are broader "" here. Grows on eroded, rocky, thin mineral soib and also on deeply weathered or alluvial soils. It call 1 also thrive on acidic soil with pH as low as 4.5.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Same as that of Acacia auriculiformis except that the seeds are more black and the aril on the top of the seed is more compressed, coiled and deep yellow in this case.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected when they are brown at the end of dry season, dried in sun for 24 to 48 hours and then broken by turning for 10 minutes in a cement mixer with heavy wooden blocks. The seed retains 70-80% viability for several years if stored in sealed tin boxes. 

Pretreatment : 10 parts of boiling water is added to I part of seed and allowed to stand for 30 seconds. Then the hot water is poured off and it is replaced by normal water and kept overnight for soaking. 

Nursery Technique : Pretreated seeds are broadcasted on primary beds and covered lightly with fine sand or pulverised soil. Seedlings are pricked out into polybags when the first pair of leaflets appear.

This tree is common in Telengana and Rayalaseema forests. Recommended for plantation in sandy and gravelly alluvium, black cotton soil and shallow stony soil. Identified by short curved stipular spines and rough grayish brown bark exfoliating in long narrow strips.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 10 to 14 cms by 2 to 3 cms;thin, straight, flat, acuminate at both the ends, dark brown when mature. Seeds 3 to 8, about 5 mm dia., broadly ovate, compressed, dark greenish brown, smooth, shining with a hard testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Branches are lopped, pods collected, dried in the sun, beaten with a stick to separate the seeds and winnowed.

Pretreatment : Soaking the seed in cooling boiled water for 6 hours.

Nursery Technique : Sowing is done in February to March, 2 seeds in each polybag. Weeding and watering is done regularly. Germination commences in a week. In June-July, the seedlings are planted out. One seedling is retained per bag.

Occurs throughout the state. Easily identified by the yellow globose flower heads; dark brown or nearly black bark with deep longitudinal fissures and ivory white large stipular spines. Recommended for plantation in alluvial loam, tank silt, black -cotton soils, alkaline soils (provided the moisture conditions are favourable). It is a strong light demander, poor coppicer and moderately drought-resistant species.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods moniliform, deeply constricted between the seeds, densely grey tomentose, sub-indehiscent; seeds 8 to 12 per pod, compressed, ovoid, dark brown, shining, with hard testa. 

Seed Collection and Storage : Seeds annually; mature pods collected from the ground in April-May, dried in the sun, beaten with sticks to separate the seeds. Retains viability for 2 to 3 years if stored carefully.

Pretreatment : Soaking in cold water for 48 hours at room temperature; or immersing the seeds in hot water at 800C and allowing it to soak until cool; or keeping the seed in moist cowdung heap for 2 to 3 days; or in conc. H2SO2 for 10 to 14 minutes. Treated seeds should be sown immediately.

Nursery Technique : Seedlings are raised in polythene bags by sowing the treated seeds about 1.5 cms deep in April-May, Excess watering is avoided after 2 months. Shade is provided to avoid surface cracking.

It is a species of deciduous forests, found throughout Andhra Pradesh. It usually grows on sandy loam and clayey loam soils. Identified by greyish bark, interpetiolar stipules and crodate, shortly acuminate leaves.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Capsules in globose heads of 200 to 300, each splitting into 2 dehiscent cocci. Seeds about 6 in each cell, brown with numerous minute longitudinal wrinkles, one end tapering to a point and the other terminating in a pair of appendages. Seeds are extremely minute. 

Seed Collection and Storage : The heads are plucked in February to March from the branches and dried in the sun to break and then immersed in the water to separate the fertile seeds which settle down. The fertitle seeds are dried in the sun and the cleaned by winnowing which can be stored in the sealed tins upto second season. Seeds germinate better after storage because they require after ripening.

Pretreatment : Not required

Nursery Technique : A layer of brushwood is spread over the beds and burnt to produce the ash over which the seeds are broadcasted in April to May and covered with a fine layer of soil. Shading of beds is necessary. Two months old seedlings are transplanted. Weeding is avoided for some weeks after germination. Seedlings are fit for planting during the next year. ITs growth is very slow in the first year.

It is common in moist forests. It is characterized by trifoliate leaf, presence of axillary spines and soft, grey bark exfoliating in irregular flakes. It is found typically on stiff, dry, clayey and alluvial soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is 5 to 18 cms diam., globose, grey or yellowish woody rind having a mass of orange coloured sweet aromatic pulp. Seeds nemerous, oblong, compressed with a wooly mucous testa, embedded in a clear mucilage.

Seed Collection and Storage : The ripen fruits are collected and the hard rind is broken to get the pulp which on continuous washing gives the seeds. The seeds are mixed with ash and then dried. They can be stored inside tin boxes. The seeds have short viability. They should be used soon after collection.

Pretreatment : No pretreatment is required

Nursery Technique : fresh seeds are sown in polythene bags in April-May. The germination comes in 10 to 15 days. The growth of the seedlings is very slow and hence should be kept in nursery for two years. The seeds can also be sown in primary beds and 2 months old seedlings can be transplanted into the polybags.

Found everywhere, generally around villages and old forts and broken ground, but is seldom found in the forests. It is able to adopt itself to a variety of soils including loamy or sandy soils. It prefers welldrained soil and avoids clayey and waterlogged soils. Identified by light grey bark with large conspicuous leaf scars and long paripinnate leaves crowded at the end of the branches.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit of 1 to 5 samaras, 3 to 5 cms in length, narrowed at both the ends, winged with prominent veins. The fruit is twisted at the base. Seed one at the centre, compressed.

Seed Collection and Storage : The brownish fruit bunches at the end of the branches are cut because of the possibility of blowing away by wind. Then they are dried in the sun, beaten and winnowed to separate the seeds. Seeds lose viability rapidly and hence to be used immediately.

Pretreatment : Not essential

Nursery Technique : Seedlings can be raised to polybags or well-worked, raised nursery beds in drills about 20 cms apart in June. The seeds after sowing is covered with a thin layer of fine soil of 5 mm thick. Seedlings are liable for damping off and hence care should be taken in watering. Young seedlings are susceptible for insect attack.

Occurs wild in the forests as well as avenues and gardens. It can grow on a variety of soils. It comes up well on laterites. Deep loamy soils with good moisture supply supports good growth while stiff clay, gravelly soils restrict the growth. Identified by greenish white flower heads and straw-coloured pods.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 15 to 30 by 2.5 to 5 cms in size; thin, flat, strap-shaped, round at both the ends; pale straw coloured, reticulately veined. Seeds 6 to 12, 8-12 mm by in size, ovate or oblong, compressed, pale brown, smooth with a hard testa.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected, dried, thrashed and winnowed to get clear seeds. The viability of the seeds remains well for at least one year. It should be stored in sealed tin with insecticide since the seeds suffer from borer attack.

Pretreatment : Soak the seeds for 24 hours in boiled water and allow to cool; or soak the seed in cold water for 48 hours; or immerse in H2SO4 for 5 minutes.

Nursery Technique : Pretreated seeds are either sown in primary beds in March to April in lines (15 cms apart) and in the lines 2 cms apart. After 5 cms of growth, the seedlings are pricked out to polybags. The seeds can also be directly put in the bags (2 per each).

An exotic from America or West Indies but naturalised now in the coastal areas of Andhra Pradesh. The tree can be grown on any type of soil except heavy clay, alkaline soils and swampy areas. Recommended for bare sandy soils, hard laterite soils and deep red loamy soils. It avoids brackish soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Drupe, Kidney-shaped, greenish grey in colour, 2.5 to 3 cms long, seated on a fleshy thick hypocarp (which is edible and developed from an enlarged torus and calyx base).

Seed Collection and Storage : Fruits are collected in April-May. Viable upto 12 months if stored in air tight containers. Completely loses viability after 14 months.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Seeds are sown in polybags in May with the stalk end facing upwards and in a slanting position, and sowing should be at a depth of 5 to 8 cms. Shade may be given and watering is done to keep the soil moist until 3 to 4 leaf stage.

Though not a forest tree, it generally grows wild. It grows on a variety of soils sandy to clayey to black cotton soils. Identified by imparipinnate shinning deeply serrate leaves. Neem does best where drainage is good and where sub - soil water level is fairly high.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Drupe 1 to 2 cms long, 1-celled, 1-seeded, greenish yellow when ripe. Seeds profusely even from an early age.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seed Collection from the trees when fully ripe or are swept from the floor under the trees. The pulp is washed off, dried in shade and kept in air tight tin boxes. The seeds do not store well and the viability falls after two weeks.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Depulped, dried seeds are sown in raised nursery beds in lines, 15 to 20 cms a part, seeds 2.5 to 5.0 cms a part in the line and 1 cm deep. Seedlings of 7 to 10 cms tall are produced in 2 to 3 months but are usually pricked out to polythene bags where they are retained for 1 to 2 years.

A short crooked tree with persistent fruit in the cold season: common in all forests, frequently found in villages and worshipped by the Hindus during Dasara festival.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 13 to 25 cms by 1.8 to 2.5 cms in size, generally curved, swollen, rigid, falcate, indehiscent. Seeds 12 to 20, glabrous, dark reddish brown or black, compressed, 8mm long.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe pods are plucked off the tree in January to March, dried in the sun, beated with a wooden mallet to release the seeds which are cleaned and stored. Seeds can be stored for one year.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : It can be propagated by direct sowing, transplanting of entire plants or stump planting. Treated seed is sown in April-May in drills, 25 cms a part and covered to a depth of 5 mm and regularly watered and weeded. Germination starts in 4 to 10 days. Seedlings can be planted out in the very first rains. 12 to 15 months old plants are suitable for stump planting.

Fruiting : Pods ripen in November-December and remain on the tree for several months, falling towards the end of the summer season.

It is a native of tropical Africa but cultivated and naturalized throughout India . In most districts, it is found occupying large area of wastelands, forming pure crops, or else intermixed with the wild date palm. It grows well in coastal districts and black soils. However, it can grow up in a variety of soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : The fruit is sub-globose, 10 to 12 cms in diameter, smooth reddish black when ripe, containing 1 to 3 hard shelled seeds (pyrenes), embedded in soft yellowish fibrous pulp.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seeds are collected in August to September, seeds have long viability.

Pretreatment : Weathering of seeds in pit after soaking them in cowdung and water for a week.

Nursery Technique : The palmyra is propagated by direct sowing, owing to the difficulty in transplanting the seedlings. Seeds are hammered 7 to 10 cms into the ground during rains. Seeds start germinating in one or two months.

Common on dry hills throughout the state, preferring the hottest and driest exposures. Recommended for plantations in shallow ferruginous soils. Identified by yellow papery bark exfoliating in irregular flakes. It is a good drought resistant species.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed: The drupe is 1.3 cms long, swollen and trigonous with three valves, and 3 heart shaped, 1-seeded pyrenes which are winged along the margins.

Seed Collection and Storage : The ripe fruits are collected off the trees in May. They should be sown immediately after collection. A very high degree of post-fertilization sterility does occur and lot of aborted seeds are produced. Such sterile pyrenes can be separated before sowing by immersion in water where they float on the surface.

Pretreatment : Overnight treatment in mild hot water for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : Polythene bags raised seedlings of 10 to 12 weeks are planted out in the field. It does not tolerate transplanting since the root system of this species is very delicate. It grows very good from large cuttings (70-80%) success. Dimension of the cutting is 7.5 to 10 cms India . and about 1.8 mt long. They are buried in the ground to a depth of 0.45 to 0.6 mt. Two months before the rains ( i.e., April-May). The soil should be well pressed around the cutting.

Anative of Ceylone and very commonly planted in avenues. Identified by bright yellow flowers. Recommended for covering the denuded areas, hill slopes, flat terrain provided the drainage is good.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods flat, 15-25 long; soft and ribbon like when young, purplish and brown when ripe; thickened at suture, indented between the seeds; minutely velvety. Many seeded, seeds dark-greenish.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected by lopping the branches in March-April, dried and thrashed to harvest the seeds. One bag of pods gives about 9.5 Kgs of clean seed. Seed can be stored for 2 to 3 years in gunny bags or in sealed tins.

Pretreatment : Hot water treatment gave 75% and H2SO4 treatment gave 35% results.

Nursery Technique : Either the seeds can be put in polythene bags directly or in primary beds and then pricked out to the bags. The growth of the seedlings is very fast.

Predominantly prevalent in the coastal Districts of Andhra Pradesh. Arecommended for plantation in areas close to the sea on loose sand. Identified for feathery foliage and jointed 6-8 angled leafless branchlets. It is light demander, sensitive to waterlogging and fire.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruits are globose, woody cones, containing a number of winged achenes, each enclosing a solitary seed. The achene is light brown with membranous wing. Seeds are very minute.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe cones are plucked from the branches before the cones dehisce, dried in the sun and thrashed to separate the winged seeds. The dried seeds retain their viability for 20 months.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Seeds are sown in January in raised primary beds covered with hay and overhead shade. Germination comes in a week time. Beds are to be kept moist but no excessive watering given. When they attain 10 cm height, they are pricked out to the polybags.

It is a common species of dry deciduous forests. It is identified by greenish grey bark exfoliating in small irregular patches and light green feathery foliage. Recommended for afforestation on dry rocky areas and refractory sites. It is a light demander and sensitive to drought. It coppices well and produces root suckers.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit fleshy, globose, 1-2 cms in diameter, pale yellow, sometimes reddish when ripe, 3-celled, 6-seeded , Seeds reniform , shining, reddish brown, small.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seeds are extracted by drying the ripe fruits collected during January until they burst with cracking sound when the seeds come out. Seeds have very short viability. 80 to 85 kgs. Of fruits give 1 kg of seeds.

Pretreatment : No pretreatment is necessary. But it is better to put in cowdung slurry for 48 hours.

Nursery Technique : Pretreatment or pregerminated seeds are put in bags in March with the provision of overhead shads. Germination commences from 24 days of sowing. With regular watering, the plants are ready for planting in July to August.

Flowering : Greenish yellow flowers in dense panicles develop along the leaf-bearing branchlets in March to May.

An exotic, small sized fast growing tree, good for cultivation in villages, backyards and along fence lines, field bunds and on road sides. It does well in moist or dry soils even with heavy concentration of limestone. It is a strong light demander, drought resistant and a good coppicer.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 8 to 12 cm yellowish brown when ripe, 8 to 10 seeds per pod. Seeds light brown coloured, oval.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected in February to March before they dehisce on the tree and dried in the sun for 3 to 4 days to separate the seeds. Viability is retained for one year.

Pretreatment : Seed is soaked in hot water, allowed to cool off during the night and sown the next morning.

Nursery Technique : Two seeds per polybag are dibbled in March. Watering is done regularly. Overhead shade is essential. Germination is noticed within 10 days. The seedlings attain plantable size by July. It is easily propagated by cutting when there is ample soil moisture.

It is a native of Central America . It is recommended for plantation in a variety of soils although its best growth is obtained on deep and fertile soils. It tolerates slight alkaline (pH upto 8.o) and saline soils. It is a good coppicer. It is drought resistant but cannot tolerate prolonged drought.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods in bunches; flat, 8 t cms long, brittle, reddish brown when ripe. Seeds 15 to 30 in each pod, flat, compressed, brown shining with hard seed coat.

Seed Collection and Storage : Ripe pods are collected before they dehisce and dried in the sun for 3 to 4 days when they dehisce to release the seeds. Seeds may be treated with a good dose of pesticide. Viability for 3 to 4 yrs.

Pretreatment : Either soaking the seeds in hot water (80 oc) for 2 - 3 minutes; or soaking the seeds in cold water for 2 to 3 days; or keeping the seeds in conc. H 2SO 4 acid for 15 minutes.

Nursery Technique : Pretreated seeds are sown in primary beds in February-March and then transplanted into polypots.Rhizobium inoculum (soil from older plantation ) is introduced by mixing 250 gms of Rhizobium culture per 20 kgs. of seed.

Fruiting : It seeds twice a year. July to November and February.

Found throughout the State, preferably grows in deep well drained loamy soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Drupe 5 to 20 cms long, fleshy, ovoid, laterlly compressed with a protuberance on one side near the tip. Stone compressed, longitudinally furrowed and fibrous.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seeds are collected after depulping; seeds quickly lose viability. Mango stones mixed with charcoal and stored in sealed polythene bags at 20-30 oC, retain 17.5% viability after 120 days.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Sowing in big polybags is done in June or in raised primary beds in lines about 20 to 25 cms apart and spacing in line is about 10 cms. Germination starts within 15 days.

Flowering : Creamy white colour flowers in large panicles appear from January to March.

Fruiting : Creamy white colour flowers in large panicles appear from January to March.

It is not found in wild, generally grown as an avenue plant. Identified by fern-like tripinnate foliage and lilac and purple flowers. Recommended for plantations on wide range of soils specifically loamy laterite soils.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Drupe 1.5 cms in dia., globose, 5 to 6 celled, 5 seeded (or fewer by abortion); yellow when ripe but subsequently wrinkled. Seeds yellowish brown, very hard, each having a natural perforation through the center.

Seed Collection and Storage : In November - December, the fruits are collected from the trees and depulping is not necessary. Fruits are dried in the sun for 3 to 4 days and stored in gunny bags. The seeds retain their viability for one year.

Pretreatment : Seeds or dried fruits are soaked in cold water for several days.

Nursery Technique : Seeds or dried fruits are sown about 5 to 8 cms a part in shaded beds in February to March and lightly covered with soil. The seedlings are pricked out in to polypots and planted out in August.

Fruiting : Fruits appear after monsoon and are green, then ripen to yellow in cold season.

Often found wild in the forests but very commonly grown in households. It grows on a variety of soils but prefers alluvial soils with sufficient moisture. It is identified by thick, corky and deeply fissured bark and tripinnate leaf.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Capsule 10 to 20 cms long: seeds 3 corned and about 2 to 3 cms long including the wings.

Seed Collection and Storage : Pods are collected in May-June, dried in the sun, thrashed and winnowed to separate the clean seeds which are dried and kept in air-tight container. Seeds lose viability considerably during the first year of storage.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : Sunken beds alternated by irrigated channels are made after working the soil. Sowing is done in June in lines, 20 cms a part and the spacing between the seeds is 2 cms and depth is 1 cm. On completion of germination, the seedlings are spaced about 10 cms in lines. One year old seedling is planted out. Large branch cuttings are also used.

Flowering : The fragrant, whitish flowers in numerous panicles appear in January to March.

It is an exotic species and is largely cultivated throughout Andhra Pradesh as an avenue tree. Identified by yellow flowers in large rusty terminal panicles and large round crown. It is very hardy and fast growing.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods oblong, 5 to 10 cms long 2.5 cms broad, compressed, indehiscent, flat, and brownish. Seeds 1 to 4, usually brown, 1cm long.

Seed Collection and Storage : The pods are plucked from the branches which are lopped, dried in the sun for 10 to 15 days and then beaten up to harvest the seeds. The fresh seeds should be used.

Pretreatment : Soak the seeds in hot water and allow the contents to cool for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : The species is easily raised from seeds and also be propagated by large branch cuttings. Natural seedlings coming under the mother trees can also be used for planting.

Fruiting : Pods oblong, 5 to 10 cms long 2.5 cms broad, compressed, indehiscent, flat, and brownish. Seeds 1 to 4, usually brown, 1cm long.

This is an indigenous tree and has been planted throughout the State in gardens, villages and along the roads for the shade. This species is a strong light demander. It is succeptible to browsing. The tree grows on a variety of soils but the growth is poor on shallow and gravelly soils. Deep sandy loam soils with adequate supply of moisture good growth.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is sessile, in pairs, axillary, globose, puberulous red when ripe, 1 to 2 cms in diam., with 2 to 4 broad, rounded basal bracts. Seeds is minute.

Seed Collection and Storage : The ripe fruits are collected, rubbed and washed to obtain the seed which is dried in the sun. Viability is very low and hence the seeds should be sown immediately.

Pretreatment : Not necessary.

Nursery Technique : Sowing is done in May-June in boxes filled with sand, mixed with compost after mixing the seed (which is minute) with wood ash to ensure uniform sowing. Germination starts within a week. Tiny seedlings are transplanted in the nursery beds at a spacing about 30 cms x 30 cms. Care is taken during transplanting to ensure that the roots of the seedlings are not injured or coiled. The nursery beds are irrigated immediately after transplanting. Planting out of the seedlings is done in July-August with a ball of earth.

It occurs widely throughout Andhra Pradesh as a principal species of dry deciduous forest. Identified by greenish or greyish spotted white bark exfoliating in irregular rounded scales and copper red foliage in cold weather. The species is recommended for plantation in sandy loams, poor arid kankar soils and alluvial soils. It avoids badly drained ground and soil with low pH and very little of clacium. It is a light demander, fire resistant and produces copious root suckers.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Fruit is a drupe, 0.85 cm across, compressed, nearly orbicular, narrowly 2 winged, imbricately arranged in a globose head, yellowish brown, crowned by persistent calyx tubes which is modified into stiff beak. The seeds are minute.

Seed Collection and Storage : The fruits should be collected by beating off the branches with a stick when the heads start to break up and not earlier. Then the seeds are dried and stored in gunny bags. The seeds should be sown immediately.

Pretreatment : Seeds soaked in cold water for -48 hours give better germination.

Nursery Technique : The seeds are sown densely on raised beds, the soil being mixed with large quantity of coarse sand. The bed is well-shaded and 45 cms above the ground. Germination is fairly quick. The seedlings are extremely liable to insect damage. The development of the seedlings is very slow.

A very common tree in all the forests with generally a short bole and very crooked branches. It is one of the characteristic species of dry hilly regions. It grows on very poor and shallow soils. Identified by thin, smooth, dark greenish, scaly bark.­

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Pods 12 to 20 cms long and 2 to 3 cms broad in size; distinctly stalked; thin, flat, veined, greyish, brown, margins raised and undulated. Seeds 6 to 8 per pod.

Seed Collection and Storage : Seed collection is made in January to March; abundant fruiting in every year. Ripe pods are collecte from the tree, dried and thrashed to extract the seeds. Seeds can be stored for two years without l_ in viability.

Pretreatment : Soak the seeds in boiled water and allow the contents to cool for 24 hours.

Nursery Technique : It is rarely raised in nursery as direct sowing is good enough for plantations.

Found throughout the State in the moister part, and in the ravines and valleys. It is abundant in Eturnagaram. Pasra. Tadvai forests of Warangal District. It is identified by leaves turning red in the cold season, dark grey thick bark and large showy flowers. It occurs both on alluvial soils and loams. It also occurs on latiritic soils. It is a fire resistant species. It is a good coppicer.

Morphology of the Fruit/Seed : Berry, blobose, 5 to 6.5 cms in diam., rind thick, crowned with the limb of the calyx. Seeds numerous, embedded in fleshy pulp, scattered.

Seed Collection and Storage : Inflorescence stalks are plucked off the tree as soon as the fruits ripen, dried in the sun and macerated. Then it is winnowed to separate the seeds from the husk. The seeds can be stored in a sealed tin. The seed has viability for one year.

Pretreatment : Not required.

Nursery Technique : The tree is best raised from the seed. It has however not been tried much for artificial regeneration. The seeds often gernminate within the fruit as it lies on the ground. The growth of the seedlings is rather slow.