Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Thin asphalt overlays are popular approaches to pavement preservation because of their ability to provide improved ride quality, reduce pavement distresses, maintain surface geometrics, reduce noise levels, reduce life cycle costs and provide long-lasting service.
An "overlay" is the paving of a second layer of asphalt over existing asphalt. An overlay can be done when the existing asphalt is in overall good condition but may have some problem areas. Depending on the degree of cracking, crumbling or sunken areas, those areas can be cut out, patched and then a new layer can be paved. The new layer of asphalt will follow the old asphalt cracks (reflective cracking) and waves in a very short period of time.
Benefits of Asphalt Overlays
the baskets made by steel wire mesh and stone-filled baskets for retaining wall and flood protection. These baskets acquired the name gabions, from word gabione, meaning large cage., the first commercial gabion products were manufactured from woven or twisted mesh. The mid-twentieth century brought another change to the gabion with the advent of welding technology.
over time, gabions have been improved and refined while retaining their most desirable and advantageous qualities. Each change reflects advancement in manufacturing and design resulting from the availability of new, better materials and techniques.
welded wire mesh gabions offer the same flexibility as twisted mesh gabions with greater strength. Moreover, the superior coating technology used for modular gabion systems offers greater corrosion resistance than can be achieved with twisted (woven) mesh.
when evaluating the benefits of welded mesh gabions, it is important to consider these points:
For construction of structures on sites underlain by thick strata of soft cohesive soils, a method of foundation soil improvement is generally required to prevent bearing capacity failure and or to avoid excessive total and differential settlements. These soft soils have a very low bearing capacity to due to their saturated state, the PVD’s are used to increase the bearing capacity of the soil by removing the excessive water present inside.
The water is trapped inside the soft cohesive soils, and the consolidation of which will require a long period. The PVD’s provide the path for the trapped water to come out of the soil, thus accelerating the rate of consolidation.
Historically the design of structures on soft compressible soils (clays) has created problems for civil engineers. Construction without some sort of soil treatment is usually impractical due to unpredictable long-term settlement. Although surcharging increases water pore pressure, settlement can take considerable time, often years, as the water lacks an easy path to leave the soil.
Consolidation of soft cohesive soils using prefabricated vertical drains (also called wick drains or band drains) can reduce settlement times from years to months. Most settlement can occur during construction, thus keeping post-construction settlement to a minimum.
Applications of Prefabricated Vertical Drains
Today, cellular confinement systems (also know as geocells) have found a growing market in slope stabilization, porous paving and retaining walls. Its flexibility, strength and durability offer the designer a versatile tool to accomplish an affordable and functional solution. geocell is a lightweight, expandable confinement system that creates an economical, eco-friendly foundation or erosion barrier for load support, slope erosion control, earth retention, or channel wall protection.
Despite the effectiveness of the geocell technology, particularly in slope and channel applications, its use in base reinforcement of paved roads and railways was limited due to the lack of design methods, lack of advanced research in the last two decades and limited understanding of the reinforcement mechanisms.
A Cellular Confinement System when infilled with compacted soil creates a new composite entity that possesses enhanced mechanical and geotechnical properties. When the soil contained within a geocell is subjected to pressure, it causes lateral stresses on perimeter cell walls. The 3D zone of confinement reduces the lateral movement of soil particles while vertical loading on the contained infill results in high lateral stress and resistance on the cell-soil interface.
Applications of Cellular Confinement Systems
Erosion control blankets are effective at controlling erosion on slopes and stabilizing soils long enough for revegetation seedings to establish on the site. These blankets are designed to be used on gradual to steep slopes, with low to high velocity flow channels, and are available for both short term biodegradable applications, and long-term soil stabilization.
Installation of erosion control blankets is simple, and most effective where the soil surface has been properly prepared to provide a smooth surface.
Natural fiber netting offers advantages such as complete biodegradability and a woven net matrix which allows the strands to float independently of each other to reduce the risk of tenting and wildlife endangerment. Blankets may be single netted or double netted for longer lasting protection. Biodegradable blankets are available in certified weed-free straw, straw/coir, and 100% coir (coconut fiber).
For short-term protection, straw blankets are recommended for moderate slopes and areas requiring protection for a relatively short period of time. Straw/coir blankets provide effective erosion control on steeper slopes, low flow channels, and areas where protection is needed for more than one growing season. The functional life of straw/coir blankets is approximately a year and half.
Blankets made from 100% coir fiber are the most durable. Functional for 24 months or more, they may be used on steep slopes and in moderate flow channels.
Benefits of Erosion Control Mat
