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Heat Exchangers are classified according to transfer processes, number of fluids, construction features, flow arrangements, heat transfer mechanisms, and degree of surface compactness. With a detailed classification in each category, the terminology associated with a variety of these exchangers is introduced and practical applications are outlined. A brief mention is also made of the differences in design procedure for the various types of heat exchangers. A heat exchanger is a device that is used to transfer thermal energy (enthalpy) between two or more fluids, between a solid surface and a fluid, or between solid particulates and a fluid, at different temperatures and in thermal contact. In heat exchangers, there are usually no external heat and work interactions. Typical applications involve heating or cooling of a fluid stream of concern and evaporation or condensation of single- or multi-component fluid streams. In other applications, the objective may be to recover or reject heat, or sterilize, pasteurize, fractionate, distill, concentrate, crystallize, or control a process fluid. In a few heat exchangers, the fluids exchanging heat are in direct contact. In most heat exchangers, heat transfer between fluids takes place through a separating wall or into and out of a wall in a transient manner. In many heat exchangers, the fluids are separated by a heat transfer surface, and ideally they do not mix or leak. Such exchangers are referred to as direct transfer type, or simply recuperators In contrast, exchangers in which there is intermittent heat exchange between the hot and cold fluids via thermal energy storage and release through the exchanger surface or matrix are referred to as indirect transfer type, or simply regenerators. Such exchangers usually have fluid leakage from one fluid stream to the other, due to pressure differences and matrix rotation/valve switching. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Air Cooled Condenser Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Plate Finned Heat Exchanger Plate Heat Exchanger Pressure Vessel Kettle Reboiler Heat Exchanger Finned Tube Heat Exchanger Pillow Plate Heat Exchanger Boilers Air Cooled Heat Exchanger
Cylindrical or spherical pressure vessels are commonly used in industry to carry both liquid s and gases under pressure. When the pressure vessel is exposed to this pressure, the material comprising the vessel is subjected to pressure loading, and hence stresses, from all directions. The normal stresses resulting from this pressure are functions of the radius of the element under consideration, the shape of the pressure vessel (i.e., open ended cylinder, closed end cylinder, or sphere) as well as the applied pressure. Two types of analysis are commonly applied to pressure vessels. The most common method is based on a simple mechanics approach and is applicable to "thin wall" pressure vessels which by definition have a ratio of inner radius, r, to wall thickness t, of r/t=>10. The second method is based on elasticity solution and is always applicable regardless of the r/t ratio and can be referred to as the solution for “thick wall” pressure vessels. Both types of analysis are discussed here, although for most engineering applications, the thin wall pressure vessel can be used Pressure vessel head including: convex head, cone shell (conical head, conical shell), adjustable segment, flat cap and tightening of mouth. Pressure vessel include: convex head, oval head (standard and nonstandard-shaped), dished head, the spherical cap-shaped head (no folding spherical head) and a hemispherical head. Advantages : 1. From the force, as follows: domed, oval, dish, cone, flat cover the worst; 2. From the manufacturing level cover the most easy to manufacture, followed by cone, dish, oval, hemispherical Conical head, ineffective force, but is conducive to the discharge of the fluid. Mist Eliminators Filter housings Air receivers Storage tanks Vacuum pre concentrator Nuclear waste storage tanks Feed surge drums Headers Economizer coils
Cooling towers are a very important part of many chemical plants. The primary task of a cooling tower is to reject heat into the atmosphere. They represent a relatively inexpensive and dependable means of removing low-grade heat from cooling water. The make-up water source is used to replenish water lost to evaporation. Hot water from heat exchangers is sent to the cooling tower. The water exits the cooling tower and is sent back to the exchangers or to other units for further cooling. Cooling towers fall into two main categories: Natural draft and Mechanical draft. Natural draft towers use very large concrete chimneys to introduce air through the media. Due to the large size of these towers, they are generally used for water flow rates above 45,000 m3/hr. These types of towers are used only by utility power stations. Mechanical draft towers utilize large fans to force or suck air through circulated water. The water falls downward over fill surfaces, which help increase the contact time between the water and the air - this helps maximise heat transfer between the two. Cooling rates of Mechanical draft towers depend upon their fan diameter and speed of operation. Since, the mechanical draft cooling towers are much more widely used, the focus is on them in this chapter. Frp Cooling Tower Timber Cooling Tower Natural Draft Cooling Tower Dry Cooling Tower Closed Cicuit Cooling Tower FRP Cooling Tower Timber Cooling Tower Natural Draft Cooling Tower Dry Cooling Tower Closed Circuit Cooling Tower
