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Description :
Soil : Well drained loamy soils rich in organic matter with pH range 6.5-7.5.
Seed rate
Seed treatmentTreat the seeds with Trichoderma viride @ 4 g / kg or Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10 g/ kg and sow in lines spaced at 10 cm in raised nursery beds and cover with sand. Watering with rose can has to be done daily. Drench the nursery with Copper oxychloride @ 2.5 g/l of water at 15 days interval against damping off disease. Apply Carbofuran 3 G at 10 g/sq.m. at sowing.
Protected nursery
Field preparationThoroughly prepare the field with the addition of FYM @ 25 t/ ha and form ridges and furrows at a spacing of 60 cm. Apply 2 kg/ha of Azospirillum and 2 kg / ha of Phosphobacteria by mixing with 20 kg of FYM. Irrigate the furrows and transplant 40-45 days old seedlings, with the ball of earth on the ridges.
Weed controlApply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha or Fluchloralin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha as pre-emergece herbicide followed by hand weeding once 30 days after planting.
Varieties :
Management
Spacing
Manuring
Varieties
Irrigation/Cultivation
Irrigation
Nutritional Facts
Nutritional Composition of Chilli Per 100g | |
Composition | ASTA |
Water (g) | 6.5 |
Food Energy (kcal) | 415 |
Protein (g) | 14.0 |
Fat (g) | 14.1 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 58.2 |
Ash (g) | 7.2 |
Calcium (g) | 0.1 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 320 |
Sodium (mg) | 10 |
Potassium (mg) | 2100 |
Iron (mg) | 9.9 |
Thiamine (mg) | 0.590 |
Ribofiavin (mg) | 1.660 |
Niacin (mg) | 14.2 |
Asorbic acid (mg) | 64 |
Vitamin A Activity (RE) | 5180 |
The Nutritional Composition of Spices, ASTA Research Committe, February 1977.
Description :
Varieties :Modern saffron is entirely hybrid and does not set seed at all—all propagation is vegetative. “Cultivars” are very rarely mentioned by home-garden seedsmen in connection with saffron, though there are certainly plenty enough out there; premier types from around the saffron-growing world include “Aquila” (Italy), “Mongra” aka “Lacha” (Kashmir—Crocus sativa Cashmirianus, said to be an especially fine producer in northern gardens), “Superior” and “Creme” (Spain), and “Pennsylvania Dutch” (U.S.—known for its “earthy” notes). No bulbs offered at retail in North America are (so far as we found) identified by cultivar, and are very unlikely to be any of those prized sorts.
Management :Modern saffron is entirely hybrid and does not set seed at all—all propagation is vegetative. “Cultivars” are very rarely mentioned by home-garden seedsmen in connection with saffron, though there are certainly plenty enough out there; premier types from around the saffron-growing world include “Aquila” (Italy), “Mongra” aka “Lacha” (Kashmir—Crocus sativa Cashmirianus, said to be an especially fine producer in northern gardens), “Superior” and “Creme” (Spain), and “Pennsylvania Dutch” (U.S.—known for its “earthy” notes). No bulbs offered at retail in North America are (so far as we found) identified by cultivar, and are very unlikely to be any of those prized sorts.
Irrigation/Cultivation
Irrigation for saffron cropIf there is light rain a few days after planting the crop, there is no need to irrigate the field. But if there is no rain then we have to irrigate 2 to 3 times in a span of 15 days. During irrigation, it should be kept in mind that there should be no water deposits in the field and if water deposits occur, drainage should be arranged soon. If not arranged, crop will be affected.
Ideal Conditions for Saffron CultivationFor commercial saffron production the basic requirement is fertile soil. Climate is the second big factor. It demands a good photoperiod and a dry soil with light moisture.
Climate for Saffron CultivationThe cultivation of saffron is mainly found in both sunken and dry areas with an elevation of 1500 to 2500 meters above sea level. It needs Photoperiod of 12 hours, which gives a lot of benefits, and also makes the flowering process sluggish.
Land Preparation for Saffron Cultivation in IndiaBefore plowing or planting saffron seeds, make the soil brittle by plowing the field thoroughly. Before the final plowing, put 20 tonnes of cow dung and 90 kg of nitrogen along with 60 kg of phosphorus and potas per hectare in your field and plow it well. With this, your land will remain fertile and rough and the saffron crop will be good to a great extent.
Description :
Bay leaves come from several plants, such as :
Chemical constituents :The leaves contain about 1.3% essential oils (ol. lauri folii), consisting of 45% eucalyptol, 12% other terpenes, 8-12% terpinyl acetate, 3–4% sesquiterpenes, 3% methyleugenol, and other α- and β-pinenes, phellandrene, linalool, geraniol, terpineol, and contain lauric acid also.
Taste and aroma:If eaten whole, bay leaves (Laurus nobilis) are pungent and have a sharp, bitter taste. As with many spices and flavourings, the fragrance of the bay leaf is more noticeable than its taste. When dried, the fragrance is herbal, slightly floral, and somewhat similar to oregano and thyme. Myrcene, which is a component of many essential oils used in perfumery, can be extracted from the bay leaf.
Uses:
Varieties :Indian Cassia also known as Tejpat (Cinnamomum Tamala) is a small to moderately sized ever green tree. The leaves of this tree is the spice having clove like taste and a faintly pepper like odour. The tree has height up to 7.5 mtr with zigzag branching, trunk up to 95 cm girth, bark rough, dark grey to reddish brown in colour
ManagementTo start with, nurseries were raised through grafting method in convergence with Horticulture department. 32 SHGs were selected for raising nurseries.It is estimated that after the end of the third year the farmers will earn about Rs. 500.00 per plant per year and after 6 years the farmers will earn around Rs. 1, 000.00 per plant per year. In the meantime, the farmers have also been encouraged to resort to intercropping. Vegetables or pulse can be practised for inter-cropping for initial 1 to 2 years and later any shade loving crop can be cultivated. It is hoped that the farmers will get financial security by growing bay leaf.
Irrigation/CultivationThese trees require full sunlight. They grow well in warm and moist climates. Bay leaves grow well in fertile, well drained soils with good organic matter.They thrive best in the soils with PH of 6.0 to 8.0.
Nutritional Facts
Nutritional Composition of Bay Leaves Per 100g | ||
Composition | USDA Handbook 8-2 (Ground) | ASTA |
Water (g) | 5.44 | 4.5 |
Food Energy (kcal) | 313 | 410 |
Protein (g) | 7.61 | 7.5 |
Fat (g) | 8.36 | 8.8 |
Carbohydrates (g) | 74.96 | 75.4 |
Ash (g) | 3.62 | 3.7 |
Calcium (g) | 0.83 | 1.0 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 113 | 110 |
Sodium (mg) | 23 | 20 |
Potassium (mg) | 529 | 600 |
Iron (mg) | 43 | 53.3 |
Thiamine (mg) | 0.009 | 0.10 |
Ribofiavin (mg) | 0.421 | 0.42 |
Niacin (mg) | 2005 | 2.0 |
Asorbic acid (mg) | 46.53 | 47 |
Vitamin A Activity (RE) | 618 | 618 |
Description : Cloves are the aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, Syzygium aromaticum. They are native to the Maluku Islands (or Moluccas) in Indonesia, and are commonly used as a spice. Cloves are available throughout the year due to different harvest seasons in different countries.
Botanical features:The clove tree is an evergreen that grows up to 8–12 metres (26–39 ft) tall, with large leaves and crimson flowers grouped in terminal clusters. The flower buds initially have a pale hue, gradually turn green, then transition to a bright red when ready for harvest. Cloves are harvested at 1.5–2 centimetres (0.59–0.79 in) long, and consist of a long calyx that terminates in four spreading sepals, and four unopened petals that form a small central ball.
Soil and climate :Humid tropical climate with an annual rainfall of 150 - 250 cm and a mean temperature range of 20°C to 30°C and elevation up to 1000 m are suitable. Deep rich loams with high humus content and laterite soils are the best suited for clove cultivation.
Management
PlantingSeeds are extracted from ripe fruits and sown immediately. The seeds germinate in five to six weeks. Two year old seedlings are planted in pits of 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm size filled with soil and FYM 10 kg/pit at a spacing of 6 m either way. Apply 50 g/pit Azospirillum before planting.
ManuringOne year old plants can be applied with FYM 15 kg, N 20 g, P 20 g, K 60 g in two splits during June - July and September
Irrigation/Cultivation
Aftercultivation
IrrigationFrequent watering is essential in the initial stages in the absence of rains. Irrigation should be given during summer months. Applying 8 litres
Description : The almond is a species of tree native to Iran and surrounding countries but widely cultivated elsewhere. The almond is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated seed of this tree. Within the genus Prunus, it is classified with the peach in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by corrugations on the shell surrounding the seed.
The fruit of the almond is a drupe, consisting of an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed, which is not a true nut, inside. Shelling almonds refers to removing the shell to reveal the seed. Almonds are sold shelled or unshelled. Blanched almonds are shelled almonds that have been treated with hot water to soften the seedcoat, which is then removed to reveal the white embryo.
Sustainability:Almond production in California is concentrated mainly in the Central Valley, where the mild climate, rich soil, abundant sunshine and water supply make for ideal growing conditions. Due to the persistent droughts in California in the early 21st century, it became more difficult to raise almonds in a sustainable manner. The issue is complex because of the high amount of water needed to produce almonds: a single almond requires roughly 1.1 US gallons (0.92 imperial gallons; 4.2 litres) of water to grow properly. However, cow's milk requires more water to produce than almond milk, and in 2014, California produced 42.3 billion pounds of cow's milk, while in the same year California produced only 2.14 billion pounds of almonds
Health:Almonds are included as a good source of protein among recommended healthy foods by the US Department of Agriculture. A 2016 review of clinical research indicated that regular consumption of almonds may reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering blood levels of LDL cholesterol.
Potential allergy:Almonds may cause allergy or intolerance. Cross-reactivity is common with peach allergens (lipid transfer proteins) and tree nut allergens. Symptoms range from local signs and symptoms to systemic signs and symptoms including anaphylaxis (e.g., urticaria, angioedema, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms).
Cultural aspects :
Similarly, Christian symbolism often uses almond branches as a symbol of the Virgin Birth of Jesus; paintings and icons often include almond-shaped haloes encircling the Christ Child and as a symbol of Mary. The word "Luz", which appears in Genesis 30:37, sometimes translated as "hazel", may actually be derived from the Aramaic name for almond (Luz), and is translated as such in some Bible versions such as the NIV. The Arabic name for almond is ??? "lauz" or "l?z". In some parts of the Levant and North Africa it is pronounced "loz", which is very close to its Aramaic origin.
Varieties :
Commercial varieties of ALMONDSBelow are some of the commercial varieties of Almond cultivated in India. Non Pareil, Claifornia paper Shell, Merced, IXL, Shalimar, Makhdoom, Waris, Pranyaj, Other high yielding cultivars are Ne Plus Ultra, Primorskij, Peerless, Carmel, Thompson, Price, Butter, Monterey, Ruby, Fritz, Sonora, Padre and Le Grand.
Season lmond requires climate having slightly hot summer temperature ranging from 30C to 35C and cool winters for plant growth and kernel filling. Unopened blossoms shall withstand cold up to – 2.2C, but blossoms at petal fall stage are damaged at 0.50 C to – 1.1 C. The blossoms can withstand temperature from -2.2 C to -3.3 C for a short time but if low temperature continuous for long hours they get damaged easily.
Management
Therefore, pruning should be done in such a manner that 1-5 of the fruiting wood is replaced every year. Prune in such a way that new wood with new spur growth is constantly replacing spur that are no longer fruitful or useful. To meet or achieve this, only prune or remove older tree branches that is 1.2 cm to 3.7 cm in diameter. Thin out very little of the smaller wood, except to remove unwanted suckers or water sprouts. The success of pruning in almond plantation can be judged in part by the length of new shoots over the entire tree every year, if other factors are not impacting growth.
Inter cropping in almond farming: – During the almond orchard pre-bearing stage, inter cultivation with several suitable crops are recommended for some extra income through sustainable utilization of inter spaces. The best inter crops in almond farming are like saffron, pea, pulses, carrot, seed production of turnip, knoll khol, mustard and bulb production of onion and garlic, and aromatic plants and medicinal plants like lave dine, lavender. Besides getting some extra income, the growing of legumes like pulses and pea will increase the soil fertility, turnips seed production and mustard augmenting to pollination by attracting bees, and growing some medicinal and aromatic trees like garlic, lavender, lave dine etc are acting as repellent to ant pests, insects and diseases.
Irrigation/CultivationThe critical stages of almond plantation which are most sensitive to water shortages are flowering (Feb to March) and fruit development (April-May-June).Therefore, watering must be provided during these stages for getting higher yield of quality almond nuts. The drip irrigation watering method found very efficient in almond farming, try to adopt drip irrigation for better water management.
Description :
Technical Requirements of Cashew Cultivation :Soil: The general notion is that "cashew is very modest in its soil requirements and can adapt itself to varying soil conditions without impairing productivity". While Cashew can be grown in poor soils, its performance would be much better on good soils. The best soils for cashew are deep and well-drained sandy loams without a hard pan. Cashew also thrives on pure sandy soils, although mineral deficiencies are more likely to occur. Water stagnation and flooding are not congenial for cashew. Heavy clay soils with poor drainage and soils with pH more than 8.0 are not suitable for cashew cultivation. Excessive alkaline and saline soils also do not support its growth. Red sandy loam, lateritic soils and coastal sands with slightly acidic pH are best for cashew.
Climate :Cashew is a tropical plant and can thrive even at high temperatures. Young plants are sensitive to frost. The distribution of cashew is restricted to altitudes upto 700 m above mean sea level where the temperature does not fall below 20°C for prolonged period. Areas where the temperatures range from 20 to 30°C with an annual precipitation of 1000 - 2000 mm are ideal for cashew growing. However, temperatures above 36°C between the flowering and fruiting period could adversely affect the fruit setting and retention. Heavy rainfall, evenly distributed throughout the year is not favourable though the trees may grow and sometimes set fruit. Cashew needs a climate with a well-defined dry season of at least four months to produce the best yields. Coincidence of excessive rainfall and high relative humidity with flowering may result in flower/fruit drop and heavy incidence of fungal diseases.
Preparation of Land :The land should be ploughed thoroughly and levelled in case of agricultural lands. In case of forestlands, the jungle should be cleared well in advance and the debris burnt. After clearing the jungles, land is to be terraced or bunds constructed on sloppy land. In order to ensure better moisture conservation, soil trenches are dug across the contours. The cost of land preparation will vary depending upon the type and method of soil working. Nowadays, use of JCB for soil working is most popular; hence a provision for use of soil working is made in the model. The land preparation work should be completed prior to the onset of monsoon season i.e. during May – June.
Varieties :
Season June – December is optimum for cultivation.
Management
Requirement of plantsAbout 200 plants/ha can be planted.
Preparation of fieldPits of 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm size are dug and filled up with a mixture of soil + 10 kg FYM + one kg neem cake
SpacingA spacing of 7 m either way is adopted
High Density PlantingSpacing of 5 x 4 m accommodating 500 plants per hectare is recommended prune the interlocking branches during the July-August to maintain the frame
Irrigation/CultivationThe plant starts yielding 3rd year onwards. The peak picking months are March and May. Good nuts are grey green, smooth and well filled. After picking, the nuts are separated from the apple and dried in the sun for two to three days to bring down the moisture content to 10 to 12 %. Properly dried nuts are packed in alkathene bags. This will keep for 6 months.
Description : The carrot is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, black, red, white, and yellow cultivars exist. They are a domesticated form of the wild carrot, Daucus carota, native to Europe and Southwestern Asia. The plant probably originated in Persia and was originally cultivated for its leaves and seeds.
Varieties :
Season
HillsCarrot can be grown throughout the year at an elevation above 1500 metres with assured irrigation. At elevations between 1000 – 1500 metres, it can be grown during July – February.
PlainsPlanting can be done during August.
Management
After cultivationSpray Fluchloralin 1 lit a.i./ha immediately after sowing the seeds to control weeds or the first weeding to be done on 15th day of sowing. Thinning and earthing up should be given on 30th day.
Splitting of roots is a physiological disorder which is usually seen when there is a sudden increase in soil moisture after prolonged drought. Forking is another phenomenon where in the hard soil does not allow the straight growth of tap root which results in formation of forked root. Forked roots and split roots fetch poor price in market. Keeping the soil moisture at optimum condition will help to keep the soil also loose thereby help to avoid splits and forked roots.
Plant protectionCarrot is not much affected by pests.
NematodeApplication of neem cake @ 1 ton/ha at planting to control root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.
Diseases
Leaf spotLeaf spot can be controlled by spraying Mancozeb at 2 g/lit.
Irrigation/Cultivation
IrrigationIrrigation is done once in five days.
After cultivationSpray Fluchloralin 1 lit a.i./ha immediately after sowing the seeds to control weeds or the first weeding to be done on 15th day of sowing. Thinning and earthing up should be given on 30th day.
Splitting of roots is a physiological disorder which is usually seen when there is a sudden increase in soil moisture after prolonged drought. Forking is another phenomenon.