Introduction : in india different raw materials come from 3 major sources for the fermentation of ethanol i) agricultural crops and by products ii) industrial and iii) forest products.general raw materials are sugar cane, molasses, sugar beet, fruit crops, different starches and roots, sweet potatoes, lignocelluloses, corn, domestic refuse, waste liquor from paper pulp industry, cheese whey, wheat flour, corn stillage, rice hulls, rice straw, cotton linters , saw mill waste, news print, pine sawmill waste and sludges. Fruit corp contains sugar 6% to 12%. The fruit sugar can be readily fermented to alcohol on a large scale. That alcohol content generally 14% or more. The concentrated alcohol or spirits may be produced from this dilute alcohol but it is not likely to used as fuel or industrial spirits. There are other fruits such as mahua, dets etc may be converted to fuel or industrial ethanol.There are several methods of fermentation by yeast and several machineries are used for different
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