Mittal Enterprises

Patel Nagar, Delhi

The KIT contains two black copper radiation plates with heater element in between, three thermometers, built in power Supply, ac. voltmeter, ac. Ammeter and their controls. APPARATUS :  The KIT contains two black copper radiation plates with heater element in between, three thermometers, built in power Supply, ac. voltmeter, ac. Ammeter and their controls.  THEORY :  The electricity fed to the heater element is radiated by radiating disc whose steady state temperature gives the total power radiated. If E is the total amount of heat radiated per unit area of the body per unit time and  T  is the absolute temperature of the body, then according to Stefan's law:     Where  s  is the Stefan's constant. If the body is put in a surrounding of temperature then it is also receiving an amount of heat radiation given by  The net amount of heat radiates given out by the body per unit area per unit time is therefore.            If  A  is the total area of the body given out the heat radiation then the net heat radiated per unit time is given by In the present case if we neglect the heat transfer on account of conduction and convention of the air in contact, heat energy radiated by copper discs per unit time is equal to the power supplied to heater element. Therefore if  V  is the potential difference across the heater and  I  is the current passing through it, then,                Or                  from which the Stefan's constant is determined   V, I  &  T  are measured from voltmeter, Ammeter and thermometers provided in the KIT.  SALIENT FEATURES There is practically no loss of heat energy from heating element by conduction, convection or radiation Therefore, entire heat energy of the heating element is transferred to the discs.   As the efficiency of the heating element is nearly equal to one, almost entire electrical energy supplied to the heater will be converted in heat energy.

Theory In the conventional techniques of tracing the B-H loop, one has to wind a primary and a secondary coil on the specimen and experiment with it. Objective:    Study of the hysteresis curves of transformer stampings, ferrites and other magnetic materials of different shapes and determination of their energy losses Study of the hysteresis curve as a function of the magnetic field. Determination of saturation, magnetization, remanence and coercivity of magnetic materials Determination of saturation, magnetization, remanence and coercivity of magnetic materials   Theory In the conventional techniques of tracing the B-H loop, one has to wind a primary and a secondary coil on the specimen and experiment with it. This method is not convenient for a quick study of the shapes of B-H loops of different materials. The present technique can be used to study B-H loop by simply inserting the specimen in a magnetizing coil. It makes use of a specially designed integrated circuit probe to measure the flux density B. The current flowing through the magnetizing coil develops a potential difference across the resistance R which deflects the beam in the X-direction. The deflection is proportional to the magnetic field H which is given by:   where N is the no. of turns of the coil, R the resistance in series with the coil i.e. resistance between terminals G & H and L is the coil length in meters. VX is the voltage applied to the X-input of the CRO. The probe has a sensitivity of 5 mV per Gauss. Hence             where Vy is the voltage applied to the Y input of the CRO  Universal B-H Curve Tracer consists of the following parts:   Main Unit consisting of a variable A.C. supply (marked Va.c.), a resistor R in series with a potentiometer (P) and input terminal for the CRO. Unit housing the I.C. probe with associated circuitry and One magnetizing coil (No. of turns = 300 of SWG26; length of the coil = 0.0323 m). Samples: 5" nail, ferrite rod and transformer stampings.

The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. Thus future research are required to measure thermophysical properties of different nanofluids as a function of temperature and concentration. Our Nanofluid specific Heat Apparatus is a good tool for Research and Laboratory experiment for Nanotech Labs. This apparatus is designed to measure Heat Capacity of nanofluids from RT+5°C to 70°C. The apparatus will consist of following parts- 1. Cooling system like fridge available in the lab. Thermally insulated chamber with heating arrangement and Temperature measurement system as per block diagram. 2. Data logger unit for measurement of Time, voltage, current and temperatures at regular intervals.   The power to system will be provided by D.C. power source with specially designed constant current supply to measure power vs temperature rise. The logged table on computer will be displayed as under. Fluid required-250 ml.   A software will automatically log all parameter, i.e. Power, Temperature vs. time at set interval. Heat capacity within temperature range will be displayed on the apparatus. System will be having USB interface where data can be recorded on a pen drive.

Objective: 1.Characterization of Nanofluids like Ag/Au & Ferrofluids etc. 2. To evaluate modest nanoparticles concentration in the fluid for significant enhancement of its property. 1.Characterization of Nanofluids like Ag/Au & Ferrofluids etc. 2. To evaluate modest nanoparticles concentration in the fluid for significant enhancement of its property. 3. Prediction of enhanced thermal conductivity due to suspension of the metallic nanoparticles with very low concentration in to the polymeric fluids. 4. Sound Velocity and compressibility of nanoparticles with liquid suspension. 5. Study of Phase transition and to detect/assess weak and strong molecular interactions in Nanofluids. 6.To determine the extent of complexation and calculate the stability constants of such nanofluid complexes.   WORKING PRINCIPLE Nanofluid Interferometer generate sound wave in Nanofluids of different concentrations at different temperatures. This instrument is low cost & effective tool to optimise the concentration of nanoparticle for best results to achieve the desired property. In this instrument, Ultrasound waves of known frequency are produced by a Piezo-Electric transducer and its wavelength is measured with digital micrometer with high accuracy within ±0.001mm. From the knowledge of frequency ( f ) and wave length(λ); the compressibility of nanofluid is determined by thefollowing formula   Sound Velocity in nanofluid   MODELS Model NF-10(2MHz ) Model NF-10X (1, 2, 3, 5, 7&10MHz) Model NF-12X (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10& 12 MHz) Other properties possible with Nanofluid Interferometer It may be used to evaluate several properties i.e. Hydration number, Hydrogen Bonding, Internal Pressure, Free Volume, Intermolecular Free Length, Miscibility, Compatibility and Glass Transition of Polymers, Phase Transition, Proton Relaxation Rate, Rao Constant Formalism, Relative Association (RA), Space Filling Factor, Specific Heat Ratio, Solvation Number, Surface Tension, Stability Constant Vander Waal's Constant, Wada Constant etc. Adiabatic compressibility where ρ  is density of nanofluid. DESCRIPTION The Nanofluid Interferometer consists of the following parts: Wave Generator Nanofluid Cells Temperature Controller Unit. (RT to 90°C) Nanofluids – Chemicals to make Ag nanofluid in various concentrations.   Intermolecular Free Path Length (L f )   wheread= adiabatic compressibility, K = temperature dependent Jacobson’s Constant Ref:  P.S. Nikam and Mehdi Hasan,   Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 5 (1993), No. 2, pp. 319-321. Solvation Number (S n)   where M and Mo are molecular weight of Solvent and Solution respectively, and are adiabatic compressibility of Solvent and Solution respectively and x is the number of grams of salt in 100g of the solution. Ref:  R Ezhil Pavai, P Vasantharani and A N Kannappan,   Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Physics, Vol.42, pp.934-936. Internal Pressure () where b=(packing factor), R=universal gas constant, K=temperature independent constant, =viscosity of liquid, = density and M= molecular weight. Ref:  C.V. Suryanarayana and P. Pugazhendhi,   Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, Vol. 24 (Aug. 1986), pp. 406-407. Relative Association (R A ) RA= where = density of solvent, = ultrasonic velocity of solvent Ref:  Anwar Ali and Anil Kumar Nain,   Acoustics Letters, Vol. 19 (1996), No. 9, pp. 181-187. Rao’s Constant (R) R=V ()1/3. or R=( /)1/3 where = density, V = molar volume and M= Molecular Weight. Ref:  R. Paladhi and R.P. Singh,   Acustica, Vol. 72, (1990), pp. 90-95. Wada Constant ( W) where = density, M= Molecular Weight and R= Gas Constant. Ref:  R.P. Singh, G.V. Reddy, S. Majumdar and Y.P. Singh,   J. Pure Appl. Ultrason, Vol. 5(1983), pp. 52-54.

• MOQ 1 Unit
• Brand NameMITTAL
• Packaging TypeCreamy
• Display TypeAnalogue
• ConditionNew
• ApplicationLaboratory Use
• Availability5-10kg
• Country of Origin220V
• Number Of FlowerUltrasonic Interferometer

• MOQ 1 Set
• MaterialStainless Steel
• Driven TypeElectric
• CertificationISO 9001:2008
• Dimension300mmx320mmx425mm
• Power1KV
• PhaseSingle Phase
• ConditionNew
• Vacuum range150-300mm
• Country of OriginIndia
• Total Carbohydrate1yrs
• Temperature0-50°C

Objective:  Determination of Energy Band Gap of Silicon, Germanium etc using diodes and light emitting diodes. Objective: Determination of Energy Band Gap of Silicon, Germanium etc using diodes and light emitting diodes. Theory: The current-voltage characteristic of a p-n junction can be described by the ideal diode equation  Considering the diode in forward bias, 1 can be neglected in above equation. is proportional to the Boltzmann factor and to  where  is a constant. We may thus write  Neglecting the  dependence of  as compared to the exponential dependence on T and can treat B = A as almost constant. Therefore,   Combining Eqs. (1) and (2), and neglect 1 in Eq. (2), we obtain  Experimentally if the current I is constant, above equation may be rewritten as  where C=ln(I/B). If we rewrite Eq. (3),   we have  which is the linear relation, provided that  is constant. If we compare Eqs. (4) and (1), we see that intercept and slope We divide b by a and obtain  Equation (5) relates the band gap energy to the experimentally determined values of the parameters a and b in Eq. (1). The Setup facilitates determination of Energy Band Gap of semiconductors by measuring the voltage drop across sample at a constant current. A graph of V vs T1 is plotted and ratio of its slope and intercept gives the value of Energy Gap as per equation (5). 1.Main unit having digital voltmeter (0-9.99V dc) and micro ammeter (0-999 µA dc), highly stabilized variable power supply (5V) 1.Samples (Ge, Si, LEDs), 1.Energy controlled hot air oven, Oil and Thermometer. Main unit having digital voltmeter (0-9.99V dc) and micro ammeter (0-999 µA dc), highly stabilized variable power supply (5V) .Samples (Ge, Si, LEDs), 1.Energy controlled hot air oven, Oil and Thermometer.

Objective:  Determination of Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LED's) by observing the 'reverse photo-electric effect'. Objective:  Determination of Planck's constant using light emitting diodes (LED's) by observing the 'reverse photo-electric effect'. Theory : If a bias voltage is passed across the LED, which is equal or greater than the difference in the energy of the bands, i.e. the barrier potential, then the bands will 'line up' and a current will flow. When current flows, electrons flow from the conduction band of the N type conductor and are forced up into the conduction band of the P type. Since the P type conductor's valance band is lacking in electrons and we are overpopulating its conduction band with the bias voltage the electrons readily fall into the 'holes' in the valance band of the P type conductor. When they fall, this energy is released in the form of a photon. The energy of the photon emitted can be written as: Where h is Planck’s constant and v is its frequency. The energy of one electron is the charge of an electron (i.e. the current flow of one electron per second in amps) times the voltage. Using this knowledge we then form the equation: where e = 1.6 x 10-19 C (electron charge)  We then solve equation (1) for h and replace the  E  term with the equivalent of  E  in equation (2), as well as replace with: Where c = 3 x 108 m/sec (speed of light) We then get: or this equation can be rewritten as It is this equation that we will use to determine Planck's constant.  The Setup facilitates determination of Planck's Constant (h) by measuring the voltage drop across light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of different colors at a constant current. Current is chosen such that bulk resistance of the LED is neglected. A graph of V vs. λ-1 is plotted and its gradient gives the value of Planck's Constant as per equation (5). Planck’s Constant Kit consists of the following parts: Specially designed variable dc power supply (0 – 5 V) whose output can be varied in steps of 1 mV. Digital dc Micro ammeter (0-999 µA dc), Digital Voltmeter (0 – 9.99V dc), Calibrated LEDs: 4 nos

Objective:  The following experiments may be performed with the help of this setup: Study of the dispersion relation for the mono-atomic lattice-Comparison with theory. Determination of the cut-off frequency of the mono-atomic lattice. Study of the dispersion relation for the di-atomic lattice – ‘acoustical mode’ and ‘optical mode’ energy gap. Comparison with theory.  Theory:  Lattice dynamics is an essential component of any postgraduate course in Physics, Engineering Physics, Electronic Engineering and Material Science. In particular it is essential for understanding the interaction of electromagnetic waves and crystalline solids. In present setup, mono-atomic and diatomic lattices are stimulated using the transmission line having ten identical sections of LC resonant circuit.  The dispersion relation for electrical analogue of the mono-atomic lattice is                                                   With the help of the simple and user friendly setup the phase difference between the input and output wave is measured at different frequencies and tabulated as given below:  Then a graph of the experimental value and the theoretical value is plotted and compared. Lattice Dynamics Kit consists of the following parts: It consists of an Audio oscillator with amplitude control and facility to vary the frequency from 0.9 KHz to 90 KHz. It has built in powersupply and output stage to match the impedance of simulated lattice. Another part of Lattice Dynamic Kit consists of transmission line, which simulates one- dimensional mono-atomic and di-atomic lattices. The only additional equipment needed is a General purpose C.R.O

Objective:  Determination of Boltzmann Constant from forward I – V characteristics of Si-diode. Theory:  The I – V characteristics of a semiconductor diode can be used to determine Boltzmann Constant accurately with the help of this simple equipment with ease and convenience. Diode equation can be written as                    If applied voltage V >> kT/e, the Boltzmann constant can expressed as:        where    is the slope of the straight line drawn between V and ln(I) The setup facilitates to measure the voltage and current across the sample in forward bias as tabulated below: From table above, plot a graph between V and ln (I) and Boltzmann constant can be calculated from the eqn (1) and slope of the straight line.  Boltzmann Constant Kit consists of the following parts: A digital dc millivoltmeter to measure the voltage across the diode. A highly stabilized variable D.C. power supply ( 0 – 5 V) A digital milliammeter to measure forward bias current in diode. Diode.

Objective:  To verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes in complex wave (square, clipped sine wave, triangular wave etc.) Objective : To verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes in complex wave (square, clipped sine wave, triangular wave etc.) Theory:  A kit has been designed to analyze any complex wave (square, clipped sine wave triangular wave etc.). It enables one to verify the existence of different harmonics and measure their relative amplitudes. Typical results obtained with the kit are shown below: 

Objective:  Determination of dielectric constant of non aqueous liquid at different concentration and hence determination of Dipole Moment (e.g. of Nitrobenzene etc.) Objective : Determination of dielectric constant of non aqueous liquid at different concentration and hence determination of Dipole Moment (e.g. of Nitrobenzene etc.) Theory:  Dipole Meter is an adaptable instrument that is used for measuring the dielectric constant of non-polar liquids. In the equipments a particular circuit has been developed for audio oscillator that produces stabilized wave. In this experiment dielectric cell is standardized using reference liquid having known dielectric constant by immersing the dielectric cell assembly in to reference Liquid. Then experimental liquid whose dielectric constant has to be determined is taken and assembly is immersed into liquid, resulting in change in oscillation frequency. From resulting shift, capacitance of cell in unknown liquid is calculated (CX). Dielectric Constant of unknown liquid is calculated using relation: where  Capacitance of Air, Capacitance of  standard liquid,   Capacitance of  test liquid and  dielectric constant of standard liquid  Solution of polar molecule having molecular wt.  with non-polar solvent having molecular wt.  in different concentrations, is considered. Molar Polarization of the mixture is obtained by relation                 where k is dielectric constant of the solution having molefraction   of polar molecule and mole fraction   of  non polar solvent and   is the density of the mixture. A graph between   and  is obtained               The dipole moment   is calculated using relation             Where T is absolute temperature, is molar polarization of  non-polar liquid  and is molar polarization of non polar liquid.  The apparatus consists of : Main Unit having Frequency Counter, Audio Oscillator and suitable Electronic Circuity Dielectric Cell Unit consists of 1.Dielectric Cell (SS) assembly with Teflon top & BNC connector 2.Beaker (100 ml) 3.Attachment for circulation of water from external water bath.

Objective:  Determination of dielectric constant of PZT material with Temperature variation and thus determining Curie Temperature. Theory: Ferro-electricity usually disappears above a certain temperature called the transition (or Curie) temperature. Knowledge of the Curie temperature and the variation of the dielectric constant below and above the Curie temperature are of interest to the physicists and the engineers. In this experiment an LC circuit is used to determine the capacitance of the dielectric cell and hence the dielectric constant. The circuit details are shown below:   The dielectric cell DC is placed in PID controlled hot air furnace. The temperature of the furnace can be measured by inserting a thermocouple in a hole (provided on one of the Teflon discs), so that it touches one of the capacitor (metal) plates. The audio oscillator is incorporated inside the instrument. If CSC and CDC represent the capacitances of the standard capacitor and dielectric cell respectively and if VC1 and VC are the voltages across SC and DC then By measuring V SC  & V DC  and using the value of C SC  we can determine the capacitance of the dielectric cell containing the sample. If C 0  represents the capacitance of the dielectric cell without the crystal and the plates separated by air gap whose thickness is the same as the thickness of the crystal then C 0  is given by where r represents the radius of the crystal and d represents its thickness  The dielectric constant of the crystal at any given temp. is given by   The Setup facilitates determination of dielectric constant of PZT sample at different temperature. Dielectric Constant increases as temperature increases, and near Curie temperature, it shows a steep increase and reaches a peak at Curie Temperature.