Mittal Enterprises Delhi

Objective:  Determination of dielectric constant of non aqueous liquid at different concentration and hence determination of Dipole Moment (e.g. of Nitrobenzene etc.) Objective : Determination of dielectric constant of non aqueous liquid at different concentration and hence determination of Dipole Moment (e.g. of Nitrobenzene etc.) Theory:  Dipole Meter is an adaptable instrument that is used for measuring the dielectric constant of non-polar liquids. In the equipments a particular circuit has been developed for audio oscillator that produces stabilized wave. In this experiment dielectric cell is standardized using reference liquid having known dielectric constant by immersing the dielectric cell assembly in to reference Liquid. Then experimental liquid whose dielectric constant has to be determined is taken and assembly is immersed into liquid, resulting in change in oscillation frequency. From resulting shift, capacitance of cell in unknown liquid is calculated (CX). Dielectric Constant of unknown liquid is calculated using relation: where  Capacitance of Air, Capacitance of  standard liquid,   Capacitance of  test liquid and  dielectric constant of standard liquid  Solution of polar molecule having molecular wt.  with non-polar solvent having molecular wt.  in different concentrations, is considered. Molar Polarization of the mixture is obtained by relation                 where k is dielectric constant of the solution having molefraction   of polar molecule and mole fraction   of  non polar solvent and   is the density of the mixture. A graph between   and  is obtained               The dipole moment   is calculated using relation             Where T is absolute temperature, is molar polarization of  non-polar liquid  and is molar polarization of non polar liquid.  The apparatus consists of : Main Unit having Frequency Counter, Audio Oscillator and suitable Electronic Circuity Dielectric Cell Unit consists of 1.Dielectric Cell (SS) assembly with Teflon top & BNC connector 2.Beaker (100 ml) 3.Attachment for circulation of water from external water bath.

• MOQ 1 Unit
• Brand NameMITTAL
• ColorCreamy
• ConditionNew
• ApplicationLaboratory Use
• Voltage220V
• Display TypeAnalogue
• TypeUltrasonic Interferometer
• Weight5-10kg
• Country of OriginIndia

The KIT contains two black copper radiation plates with heater element in between, three thermometers, built in power Supply, ac. voltmeter, ac. Ammeter and their controls. APPARATUS :  The KIT contains two black copper radiation plates with heater element in between, three thermometers, built in power Supply, ac. voltmeter, ac. Ammeter and their controls.  THEORY :  The electricity fed to the heater element is radiated by radiating disc whose steady state temperature gives the total power radiated. If E is the total amount of heat radiated per unit area of the body per unit time and  T  is the absolute temperature of the body, then according to Stefan's law:     Where  s  is the Stefan's constant. If the body is put in a surrounding of temperature then it is also receiving an amount of heat radiation given by  The net amount of heat radiates given out by the body per unit area per unit time is therefore.            If  A  is the total area of the body given out the heat radiation then the net heat radiated per unit time is given by In the present case if we neglect the heat transfer on account of conduction and convention of the air in contact, heat energy radiated by copper discs per unit time is equal to the power supplied to heater element. Therefore if  V  is the potential difference across the heater and  I  is the current passing through it, then,                Or                  from which the Stefan's constant is determined   V, I  &  T  are measured from voltmeter, Ammeter and thermometers provided in the KIT.  SALIENT FEATURES There is practically no loss of heat energy from heating element by conduction, convection or radiation Therefore, entire heat energy of the heating element is transferred to the discs.   As the efficiency of the heating element is nearly equal to one, almost entire electrical energy supplied to the heater will be converted in heat energy.

Objective:  The following experiments may be performed with the help of this setup: Study of the dispersion relation for the mono-atomic lattice-Comparison with theory. Determination of the cut-off frequency of the mono-atomic lattice. Study of the dispersion relation for the di-atomic lattice – ‘acoustical mode’ and ‘optical mode’ energy gap. Comparison with theory.  Theory:  Lattice dynamics is an essential component of any postgraduate course in Physics, Engineering Physics, Electronic Engineering and Material Science. In particular it is essential for understanding the interaction of electromagnetic waves and crystalline solids. In present setup, mono-atomic and diatomic lattices are stimulated using the transmission line having ten identical sections of LC resonant circuit.  The dispersion relation for electrical analogue of the mono-atomic lattice is                                                   With the help of the simple and user friendly setup the phase difference between the input and output wave is measured at different frequencies and tabulated as given below:  Then a graph of the experimental value and the theoretical value is plotted and compared. Lattice Dynamics Kit consists of the following parts: It consists of an Audio oscillator with amplitude control and facility to vary the frequency from 0.9 KHz to 90 KHz. It has built in powersupply and output stage to match the impedance of simulated lattice. Another part of Lattice Dynamic Kit consists of transmission line, which simulates one- dimensional mono-atomic and di-atomic lattices. The only additional equipment needed is a General purpose C.R.O

The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. The Specific Heat of nanofluids decreases as nanoparticle concentration increases. The specific Heat of nanofluids increases with temperature. Thus future research are required to measure thermophysical properties of different nanofluids as a function of temperature and concentration. Our Nanofluid specific Heat Apparatus is a good tool for Research and Laboratory experiment for Nanotech Labs. This apparatus is designed to measure Heat Capacity of nanofluids from RT+5°C to 70°C. The apparatus will consist of following parts- 1. Cooling system like fridge available in the lab. Thermally insulated chamber with heating arrangement and Temperature measurement system as per block diagram. 2. Data logger unit for measurement of Time, voltage, current and temperatures at regular intervals.   The power to system will be provided by D.C. power source with specially designed constant current supply to measure power vs temperature rise. The logged table on computer will be displayed as under. Fluid required-250 ml.   A software will automatically log all parameter, i.e. Power, Temperature vs. time at set interval. Heat capacity within temperature range will be displayed on the apparatus. System will be having USB interface where data can be recorded on a pen drive.

Theory In the conventional techniques of tracing the B-H loop, one has to wind a primary and a secondary coil on the specimen and experiment with it. Objective:    Study of the hysteresis curves of transformer stampings, ferrites and other magnetic materials of different shapes and determination of their energy losses Study of the hysteresis curve as a function of the magnetic field. Determination of saturation, magnetization, remanence and coercivity of magnetic materials Determination of saturation, magnetization, remanence and coercivity of magnetic materials   Theory In the conventional techniques of tracing the B-H loop, one has to wind a primary and a secondary coil on the specimen and experiment with it. This method is not convenient for a quick study of the shapes of B-H loops of different materials. The present technique can be used to study B-H loop by simply inserting the specimen in a magnetizing coil. It makes use of a specially designed integrated circuit probe to measure the flux density B. The current flowing through the magnetizing coil develops a potential difference across the resistance R which deflects the beam in the X-direction. The deflection is proportional to the magnetic field H which is given by:   where N is the no. of turns of the coil, R the resistance in series with the coil i.e. resistance between terminals G & H and L is the coil length in meters. VX is the voltage applied to the X-input of the CRO. The probe has a sensitivity of 5 mV per Gauss. Hence             where Vy is the voltage applied to the Y input of the CRO  Universal B-H Curve Tracer consists of the following parts:   Main Unit consisting of a variable A.C. supply (marked Va.c.), a resistor R in series with a potentiometer (P) and input terminal for the CRO. Unit housing the I.C. probe with associated circuitry and One magnetizing coil (No. of turns = 300 of SWG26; length of the coil = 0.0323 m). Samples: 5" nail, ferrite rod and transformer stampings.