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The Kukui nut tree is the official tree of Hawaii and has been used by natives of this island for hundreds of years. A fabulous ingredient for your cosmetics, or as a stand-alone application Kukui nut oil contains linoleic and alpha-linolenic fatty acids. This oil is readily absorbed into the skin, providing tissues the essential elements that it needs. Keep away from high temperatures and direct light. It is a semi-clear liquid having little or no odor, and blends well with most formulations.
The kukui nut tree was first brought to Hawaii by early Polynesian settlers. It quickly adapted, and is now Hawaii 's official state tree. Kukui means enlightenment' in Hawaiian.Kukui nut oil was also used to massage members of royalty, who were sometimes massaged for seven or more hours! Kukui nut oil is an excellent oil to add to your body care products, especially your creams, lotions, and massage oils. Kukui nut oil should not be exposed to high temperatures. You can also use it for an oil treatment on dry hair and scalp, or add a few drops to your bath water for a luxurious treat.
Spain, France and Italy are the major producer of grape seed oil. Grape (Vitisvinifera) it's a European species and native to central Asia. The oil of grape seed is used all over in the world in cooking, soaps etc.
The grapes are present in three different colors like crimson, black, dark blue, yellow, green, orange and pink. It's a fruit which grows up in the clusters of 15 to 300. Its harvesting period varies from country to country. After the harvesting the seed is separated from grape and dried.
The cultivation of this fruit began 6000-7000 years ago. It is originally from Asia and later on it is introduced in Europe and USA. Every part of this fruit is useful whether it is its skin, pulp, or seed. It has divine qualities to cure many diseases like cancer, diabetes, cataract, muscular degeneration etc. It is cultivated widely all over the world like in France, Spain, Italy, USA and China. It is also used in making vines.
The grape seeds are extracted from grapes and immediately dried. After this seed are milled and heated to make them perfect for oil extraction. When the seeds are perfectly heated the oil abstraction process took place.
Commonly known Benefits
1. Research lets that the linoleic acid present in Grape Seed Oil has anti-allergen, Acne reductive, moisture retaining properties. The total percentage of linoleic acid in grape is 73% which is very useful for the treatment of allergic reactions, atopic eczema and dry itchy skin
2. The grape seed is rich in nutrients which are very beneficial in protection against UV radiation. It is also found that it also lightens the effect of sunburn and age spots.
3. Some studies showed that the oral consumption of grape seed abstract in the form of capsules two to three times a day lowers the risk of cancer and liver damage. It also helps in solving other side effects of chemotherapy.
4. The grape seed oil reduces the skin problems like wrinkles, stretch marks, saggy skin. It is suggested that if you apply this oil on the skin daily overnight it will decrease the skin problems.
The grape has significant antioxidants in all of its forms and that are whole grapes, raisins, red wine, grape seed oil and its extracts. Till now there are no side effects of grape seed oil but its overdose may result in headache, nausea and dizziness. Overall it's the best to use this oil in your daily routine work.
Physico Chemical Properties:
Ukraine, Russia, Argentina, China, Romania, Turkey, Hungary, Bulgaria, Tanzania, France, India etc are the countries where it is found.The right time to harvest sunflowers is when their petals become dry and begin to fall. The green base of the head will turn yellow and eventually brown. Seeds will look plump and the seed coats will be fully black or black and white stripes depending on the variety. You can cover the heads with fine netting or paper bags when the petals begin to droop, if animals or birds are a problem.The wild sunflower is native to North America but the first commercialization of the plant took place in Russia. It was only recently that the sunflower plant returned to North America to become a cultivated crop.But it was the American Indian who first domesticated the plant into a single headed plant with a variety of seed colours including black, white, red, and black/white striped.Sunflower oil can be extracted using chemical solvents like hexane, or expeller pressing (i.e., squeezed directly from sunflower seeds by crushing them). "Cold-pressing"/expeller-pressing sunflower seed oil under low-temperature conditions is a preferred method, for those seeking an extraction process that doesn't involve chemical solvents, as well as for people following a raw foods diet.
Commonly known Benefits:
Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as oil used for frying, and also in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. The oil contains appreciable quantities of vitamin E, sterols, squalene, and other aliphatic hydrocarbons. Sunflower oil does not contain any saturated fats in it and it reduces the overall cholesterol content in the body. It makes sure that the body is far less likely to develop atherosclerosis which clogs the arteries, raises blood pressure and increase the chance of getting heart attack or a stroke. Sunflower oil is a natural energy booster and it has been directly connected to preventing colon cancer and many other types of cancer. Sunflower oil protects the skin by strengthening the membrane barriers and makes it tough for bacteria and viruses to enter the body
Physico Chemical Properties:
Castor is found widespread in the tropical regions and it is native to the south eastern Mediterranean region, East Africa and India. It is widely grown as an ornamental plant also apart from using its oil.
Ricinus communis grows widespread in tropical climate countries and is a native to the Mediterranean basis, East Africa and India. The plant is of invasive nature and can often be found on wasteland also. The plant is grown as a decorative plant also and it grows to height of 2 to 3 meters if the temperature is around 200C. It can grow in cooler climate like in south England and if it is a sheltered place there are no chances of it getting frost damage.
The plant was widely used in the parks of Toronto, Ontario, and other places of Canada during the Edwardian times. The plant grows wild in South California. The castor seeds is said to have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to the 4000 BC. It was widely used for burning lamps as it was slow burning. The Greeks used it for lighting lamps, as body ointments and improving hair growth and texture. It is believed that Cleopatra used it to brighten the white of her eyes. Ancient Egyptian described Castrol oil as a laxative also. The use of the oil in India has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and as local medicine as a laxative, purgative and cathartic in Unani, Ayurveda and other medical systems. The oil is said to have been used for treating arthritis and given to children as medicine for de-worming. It is widely used in China also for centuries.
Extraction Process:
Extraction of oil is done in a similar manner to that for most oil seeds. The first stage of extraction is pre-pressing using high pressure screw press called expeller. The extracted oil is then filtered and the material removed from the oil is fed back into the stream along with the fresh material. The castor cake contains 8-10% oil and this is crushed and solvent extraction is done with heptanes to extract further oil.
Commonly Known Benefits:
It is widely used to induce labour from ancient times. The oil starts working as soon as it reached the bowels and many women use it to induce labour. The contraction usually starts 1-3 hours after taking the oral dose of the oil
Physico Chemical Properties:
Citriodora or Lemon eucalyptus is a jewel in the crown of the Eucalyptus family, Myrtaceae. With a revivifying and invigorating aroma of lemon and eucalyptus, this lemon-scented eucalyptus oil is used in fixing feelings of abandonment and mental agitation along with poor concentration and confusions. The essential oil of Citriodora is extracted from the elongated leaves of the Lemon-scented gum tree, botanically known as Eucalyptus citriodora by steam distillation.
Lemon eucalyptus oil is used inAyurvedictreatment for asthma, cold, cough, arthritis, hypertension, shingles, migraine pain, rheumatism, wounds, inflammation, bacterial and fungal infections as well as a non-toxic insect repellent for keeping away from mosquitoes, ticks and fleas.
Historical uses and importance of Citriodora and its essential oil:
Lemon eucalyptus or Citriodora is a type of Eucalyptus tree in the Eucalyptus genus. This tree is indigenous to north eastern and tropical parts of Australia but few sources state that it is native to Vietnam and Madagascar. Even today about75% of the trees grown in Australia belongs to the Eucalyptus family.
Brazil and China are the largest producers of commercial Lemon eucalyptus essential oiland this tree is also grow in India, South Africa, Guatemala, Egypt, Colombia, Indonesia and Albania. Citriodora is also said to be a cross between lemon and eucalyptus varieties. This large handsome evergreen tree grows up to 50 m tall and the broad lanceolate leaves exhibit a strong lemon and eucalyptus aroma when crushed.
Citriodora has its remedial history of being used in the traditional as well as modern medicine in the east and west, mainly as anaid for respiratory infections and for keeping insects at bay. The infusion made from the leaves of this tree has been used in reducing fever, treating gastric conditions and fighting against microbes causing such infectious diseases in the Aboriginal tradition.
Ayurveda and the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used the aromatic leaves of this plant in steam inhalation for clearing nasal congestion, easing cold, flu, asthma and sore throat. The paste of this leaves or the leaves poultice were also used in healing wounds, cuts, skin infections, sores, cuts, blisters, chicken pox, joint pain, rheumatic pain, fungal infections and other few other infections.
Lemon eucalyptus oil is a famous ingredient in soaps, aromatic candles, natural insect repellents, lotions, shampoo, toothpastes, deodorants, perfumes, detergents, insecticides, waxes and in the flavoring of few other products since the traditional times.
Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil, is made from the seeds of the flax plant. The oil contains substances which promote good health. Linseed and linseed oil are rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid that appears to be beneficial for heart disease. ALA belongs to a group of substances called omega-3 fatty acids.
Good health requires the right ratio of Omega 3 fatty acids to Omega 6 fatty acids in the diet. The ideal ratio is around 1:2. The average American diet is more around 1:20 to 1:50, with way too much Omega 6 and not enough Omega 3. The ratio present in linseed oil is about 4:1. So linseed oil is a good source of Omega 3. You should consume every day small portions of linseed or linseed oil. However if linseed oil is used in the diet for long time, without other oils, it may cause Omega 6 LA deficiency symptoms. So the best bet is to blend linseed oil with other oils that contain more Omega 6, in order to get the right balance, such as sesame oil, sunflower oil, evening primrose oil.
Linseed oil is good for the heart because it is the richest source of alpha-linolenic acid. Linseed itself (ground or whole) also contains lignans, which may have antioxidant actions and may help protect against certain cancers, though not everyone agrees on this issue.
Linseed Oil Benefits and Uses
Lower cholesterol, protect against heart disease and control high blood pressure
Counter inflammation associated with gout, lupus and fibrocystic breasts
Control constipation, haemorrhoids, diverticular disorders and gallstones
Treat acne, eczema, psoriasis, sunburn and rosacea
Promote healthy hair and nails
Minimise nerve damage that causes numbness and tingling as well as other disorders
Reduce cancer risk and guard against the effects of ageing
Safflower is a plant. The flower and oil from the seeds are used as medicine.Safflower seed oil is taken by mouth for diabetes, preventing heart disease, including hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis) and stroke. It is also used to increase hair growth, treat fever, tumors, coughs, breathing problems, clotting conditions, pain, coronary heart disease, chest pain, and traumatic injuries. Some people use it for inducing sweating; and as a laxative, stimulant, antiperspirant, and expectorant to help loosen phlegm.Safflower yellow, a component of safflower flower, is injected into the vein for chest pain (angina pectoris) and a type of stroke that is caused by a clot (ischemic stroke).In foods, safflower seed oil is used as cooking oil.In manufacturing, safflower flower is used to color cosmetics and dye fabrics. Safflower seed oil is used as a paint solvent.
The linolenic and linoleic acids in safflower seed oil might help prevent hardening of the arteries, lower cholesterol, and reduce the risk ofheartdisease. Safflower contains chemicals that may thin the blood to prevent clots, widen blood vessels, lowerblood pressure, and stimulate the heart.
Oregano (Origanum vulgare) is an herb that is a member of the mint family (Labiatae). Oregano has been considered a precious plant commodity for over 2, 500 years in folk medicines that originated across the globe. It has a very long use in traditional medicine for treating colds, indigestion and upset stomachs.
You might have some experience cooking with fresh or dried oregano leaves such as oregano spice, one of the top herbs for healing but oregano essential oil is far from what youd put in your pizza sauce. Found in the Mediterranean, throughout many parts of Europe, and in South and Central Asia, medicinal grade oregano is distilled to extract the essential oilfrom the herb, which is where a high concentration of the herbs active constituents are found. It takes over 1, 000 pounds of wild oregano to produce just one pound of oregano oil! The oils active ingredients are preserved in alcohol and used in essential oil form both topically (on the skin) and internally.
The Neem tree is said to be indigenous to the Indian subcontinent which means the countries of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh.
The Neem tree grows up to the height of around 15 to 20 metres and is well known to be a fast grower. It is a tropical evergreen tree which can resist the harsh conditions of high temperatures and dryness but does not survive frosty climates.
The uses of the various parts of the Neem tree as medicines and insecticide has been recorded in the ancient Indian scriptures called the 'Vedas'. In the Indian subcontinent it has been used by local communities as a traditional medicine and insect repellent for over 2000 years.
The amount of essential oils extracted from the seed or the kernel of the Neem tree varies widely from 25 to 45 %. The methods by which the oils are extracted from the seeds also affect the purity or the quality of the oil. Although the method of using a solvent for extraction is used it does not completely extract the contents of the seeds and also contains many impurities that distort the fragrance and colour of the oil.
For the extraction of pure Neem essential oil is done by the Cold press method, in which the oil is mechanically pressed out of the kernels, while constantly maintaining texture. Although this method is very cumbersome, it is the only way to extract usable essential Neem oil.
Commonly known Benefits
Neem Oil (Cold Press) has been recorded in the Ayurveda in the treatment of major diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis, malaria, as an ophthalmic and all sorts of skin diseases.
Other uses of Neem Oil are as follows:
Anthelmintic: It is used widely in traditional medicine to expel parasitic worms from the stomach and also other parasitic organisms in the body by killing them or making them inactive.
Antiseptic: It has been proven to be antiseptic in nature and help the wound to heal faster as they provide a rich protective and a nutrient rich layer for a longer time than other creams or antiseptics.
Diuretic: It has also been recorded to act as a Diuretic agent in cases of kidney stones, eating disorders and urinary tract infections, where the natural agents in Neem oil help counter the infections completely.
Antipyretic: Many times it is used to counter fever and is found to be very effective in relieving the symptoms of a fever.
Insect Repellent: In many cultures of the Indian subcontinent, agriculturists have used Neem oil based solutions to protect the crops from insects, as many harmful insects and rodents avoid the contact with Neem.
Insecticide: It is proven to be good insect killers as its toxicity affects insects directly by killing them or indirectly by limiting their ability to eat, reproduce and fly.
This oil is used as grease in many communities in India due to its resilience to atmospheric and mechanical degradation.
The Catnip oil extracted from the plant Nepetacataria through steam distillation; it has a strong and pungent smell. This essential oil is said to have more power than DEET in repelling mosquitoes. The oil can be used in very low concentration for repelling mosquitoes and all kinds of biting insects. The oil can be blended with other essential oils to make a natural insect repellant without any possible harm from chemicals. It can also be blended with either an alcohol or unscented cream base. Catnip oil has many health benefits. The oil is an anti-spasmodic, carminative, diaphoretic, stimulant, astringent, stomachic and sedative substance.
Catnip is a native to South and East Europe, central Asia, Middle East and some parts of China.
Catnip is perennial herb and belongs to mint family. It is easy to grow, harvest and dry the catnip stems, leaves and flowers. It is not an addictive plant and is totally harmless. Catnip leaves can be harvested at any time in the growing season, mid morning or early afternoon is the best time to harvest the leaves and flowers. It is better if you cut the entire stem at the base of the plant so that you can collect the entire leaves and flowers. Pinch off the tips of the shoots early in the season so that more bushy growth happens for harvesting later on.
Commonly Known Benefits
The various components present in the Catnip oil like Nepetalactone, Valeric Acid, Geraniol, Monoterpene, Nepetalic Anhydride, Citral, Limonene, Dispentine, Thymol, Citronella, Caryophyllene, Nerol, Bio Flavonoids, Nepetalic Acid, and carotenoids makes this essential oil a popular medicinal herb which is used for many diseases. The oil is good in curing dyspepsia, colic, migraine and flatulence and has antiseptic properties. This oil can cure all types of muscular, intestinal, respiratory or any other type of cramps and spasms. The plant has medicinal history and is used for various ailments and the plant can be consumed as a tea, infusion, tincture or poultice. Catnip can have behavioral effects on the members of the cat family. Even wild cats like the leopards, cougars, lynxes, tigers and even lions react strongly to catnip smell. Before using the oil do a test for sensitivity or allergic reaction by applying a small amount. Pregnant women and people under doctor's care should consult a physician before using the oil. Children may be sensitive to the oil so it is advisable to use the oil after consulting a physician.
Physico Chemical Properties
Soybean oil is extracted from the soybean (Glycine max) and often has a dark yellow or faint green color. Standard vegetable oil is typically composed of soybean oil.
The first domestic use of soybean is traced to the eastern half of North China in 11th BC, or perhaps a little earlier. Soybean is one of the five main plant foods of China, along with rice, wheat, barley, and millet. Early accounts have it that soybean production was localized in China until after the China-Japan War of 1894 to 1895, when the Japanese started to import soybean oil cake as fertilizer.
Soybean shipments to Europe were made in around 1908, although Europeans had been aware of soybeans as early as 1712 through a German botanist's writing. In U.S. literature, the first use of the word "soybean" was in 1804. Most of the early U.S. soybeans were used as a forage crop instead of being harvested for seed.
Today, Americans consume more than 28 billion pounds of edible oils annually, and soybean oil accounts for about 65 percent of the said figure. Mexico and Korea are large customers of U.S. soybean oil. Unfortunately, about half of the soybean oil used in the country is hydrogenated, as soybean oil is too unstable to be used in food manufacturing.
Among the problems with partially hydrogenated soybean oil is trans-fat and the health hazards of the soy itself, as well as the prevalence of genetically engineered soybeans today.
Uses
Soybean oil is processed and sold mainly as a vegetable oil, while the remaining soybean meal is typically used as animal feed. It is also the primary source of biodiesel in the country, making up 80 percent of domestic production.
Lecithin is a product extracted from soybean oil, and it is a natural emulsifier and lubricant used in many foods and commercial and industrial applications. It helps keep the chocolate and cocoa butter in a candy bar from separating, and is used in pharmaceutical products and protective coatings.
Soybean oil is commonly used to make mayonnaise, salad dressing, margarine, and non-dairy coffee creamers. It is a usual feature of processed foods, which is where the problem begins: processed foods are perhaps the most damaging part of most people's diet, contributing to the occurrence of disease and poor health
The plant is native to tropical and subtropical Asia. There are 30 known species in India. Ginger Lily is also found in regions of North America and Europe.
The plant is best harvested in midsummer and late summer. Older stems are removed during pruning. The soil should be kept moist with partial to full sun.
The oil has been used in both medicine and aromatherapy by ancient Greeks. The term Hedychium is derived from two Greek terms "Hedys" and "Chios" meaning flowering plant. This perennial plant grows up to 6 feet with leaves measuring about 30 centimeters. One of its species is recognized as Cuba's national flower 'Flor De Mariposa'.
The oil is extracted from the rhizomes by steam or Co2 distillation. The oil is pale yellow viscous liquid warm, slightly light and spicy smell.
Heath Benefits
The oil was used by Hawaiians to treat foetid nostrils.The oil is beneficial in local inflammations, asthma, boils, bronchitis, nausea, pain and in hiccups.Ginger Lily oil acts efficiently against liver complaints and in cases of diarrhea and stomach upsets.The essential oil has tranquilizing and anthelmintic properties.It fights bad mouth taste and smell.The oil acts as a vasodilator, digestive, and stomachic.The essential oil Ginger Lily is used in the treatment of vomiting, halitosis, and diminished appetite.Common uses of the oil include treating motion sickness, blood pressure, and joint pains.The oil is used in treating interior injuries.The essential oil along with powdered rhizomes is used as an antiseptic and as a poultice for muscle spasms and various aches.Ginger Lily oil is also helpful in food indigestion and poor blood circulation during blood clot.The oil is carminative, expectorant, stimulant, tonic, and emmenagogue.It also treats conditions such as stress, migraines, frozen shoulders, nervous exhaustion, strains, and accidental injuries.The oil has both anit0bacterial and anti-viral properties that acts effectively against gram positive bacteria and fungi.Ginger Lily oil also boosts the immune system, stimulates hormones, stimulates energy, and induces relation.
Other Benefits
The oil is used in perfume formulations. It is also used in hair oil to prevent hair fall and baldness.Due to its warming sensation, the oil is used in massages.It is used in seasoning meals and for creating ginger essential oil.The FDA has approved the use of Ginger Lily oil.The oil is a good skin moisturizer that leaves the skin rejuvenated and smooth.It is suited for al skin types and is especially good for dry and dehydrated skin
Physico Chemical Properties
Description
The olive tree is a native to the Mediterranean region. It has spread across the world over time. But still all the major commercial producers of Olive Oil are the Mediterranean countries such as Italy, Greece and Spain in Europe, Turkey, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon in Asia as well as Tunisia and Algeria in Africa.
Olive trees grow in the light soil and reasonably warm weather. Rich soil as well as very cold weather is not suitable for it. Once grown, the trees last for centuries and remain productive too. So, the farmers should just take care of grown up trees and prune them correctly to keep reaping harvests for decades. The fruits are harvested around the autumn or winter in most cases.
As discussed earlier, olive trees are native to the Mediterranean region and evidences suggesting that it was consumed even by prehistoric people. Archaeological evidences suggest domestication of the species in the Asia Minor and the earliest known containers of Olive Oil in Greece date back to 3500 BC. So, the ancient civilizations of the region learnt its benefits and usage quite early.
Olive oil is extracted by crushing the olive fruits. The oil components of the fruits are stored in the mesocarp cells within lipo vacuoles. The fruits are first washed well and then crushed using various olive press machines to separate oil from the rest of the pulp.
Commonly known Benefits
Olive oil is known for various health benefits and hence experts suggest it as a cooking medium and are rated ahead of other refined vegetable oils.
It is known to have mono saturated fatty acids which are known to protect the heart from coronary diseases. Also, in the diet the other types of oils that it replaces are higher in Omega-6 while it doesn't affect the ones with Omega-3 fatty acids. This basically means that Olive oil ensures a more balance diet in terms of Omega Acids of various types.
Olive oil consumption also helps in cholesterol regulation which provides health benefits as cholesterol oxidation has anti-inflammatory, anti hypertensive as well as anti thrombotic effects. Also it contains several useful antioxidants which are not easily available in other oils. Also, new researches have shown that certain properties of Olive Oil can control malignant tumors in the breast, prostate and the digestive tract.
Considering all these benefits, Olive Oil has found universal acceptance nowadays as a healthy cooking medium
Physico Chemical Properties:
This dark green jatamansi oil, also known as Himalayan spikenard, is distilled from sustainably harvested roots gathered from community forests in Nepal. Spikenard oil is an important Ayurvedic herb throughout all of India.
Jatamansi oil is one of the most effective essential oils for supporting a calm mind and balanced body. Those who suffer from worry or other overly active and mental habits will benefit immensely from regular use of this special oil. Jatamansi is calming and grounding and is highly revered for its ability to support deep sleep and to help one work through and release subconscious trauma. Spikenard oil is similar in quality to valerian, but is considered preferable because it is less dulling in its effects and possesses a sweeter and more pleasant fragrance.
Use jatamansi oil diluted in carrier oil on the bottom of the feet and/or crown of the head before bed to promote deep sleep and positive dream states. Jatamansi oil is one of the most important herbal medicines for dealing with grief after losing a loved one. It can also be used to anoint those who are transitioning from life to death.
Jatamansi oil has a strong fragrance of moist earth, like the high altitude forest floor where it is found, and the distinct odor of the valerianacea family.
Jatamansi is an endangered plant due to its widespread use and to unsustainable harvesting practices. This jatamansi oil is ethically wild crafted from sustainably harvested roots gathered from community forests in Nepal.
Physico Chemical Properties
Sweet almond oil is a carrier oil, but it can also be used as a fixed oil. This is an oil that can be used as a base for scent and aromatherapy purposes, or it can be used alone to soften your skin.
The tree that sweet almond oil comes from is the prunusdulcis, var. amygdalus tree. This tree produces white flowers.
Sweet almonds are the version of nut that you eat. Almonds are extremely healthy, as they contain no carbohydrates and are gluten-free.
Sweet almond oil is mostly composed of olein, and contains linoleic acid and glucosides. Its full of protein, minerals, and vitamins that make is so nourishing and revitalizing to your skin.
Sweet almond oil is one of the most multi-purpose oils on the market today.
USES
There are endless ways that sweet almond oil can benefit your skin. Here are just a few to help you get started with your daily routine.
The black pepper is a perennial woody vine and a native to South India and cultivated in tropical regions such as China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Madagascar, America, and Europe. Vietnam is the world's leading producer of black pepper today.
The black pepper plant bears the fruit during the fourth or fifth year. Harvest begins as soon as one or two fruits at the spike base turn red. The spikes are collected and sun-dried. Later, the peppercorns are removed off the spikes.
It is believed that the use of black pepper dates back to the prehistoric era. Chinese and Ayurvedic doctors have been using black pepper oil for more than a thousand years. Indian monks ate black pepper every day to increase their energy and sustain their endurance.
The peppercorns are dried in the sun and then crushed to yield clear to pale-green oil when steam distilled. The oil is dry, warm, and fresh with a woody and spicy taste.
Commonly known Benefits
Medicinal Benefits:
Beauty Benefits:
Emotional Benefits:
Physico Chemical Properties:
