Catalysts And Absorbents #1687367

Iodineis achemical elementwith symbolIandatomic number53. The heaviest of the stablehalogens, it exists as a lustrous, purple-black non-metallic solid atstandard conditionsthatsublimesreadily to form a violet gas. The elemental form was discovered by the French chemistBernard Courtoisin 1811. It was named two years later byJoseph-Louis Gay-Lussacfrom this property, after theGreek"violet-coloured"The dominant producers of iodine today areChileandJapan. Iodine and itscompoundsare primarily used innutrition. Due to its high atomic number and ease of attachment toorganic compounds, it has also found favour as a non-toxicradiocontrastmaterial. Because of the specificity of its uptake by the human body, radioactive isotopes of iodine can also be used to treatthyroid cancer. Iodine is also used as acatalystin the industrial production ofacetic acidand somepolymers.

Acrylic acid(IUPAC:propenoic acid) is anorganic compoundwith the formula CH₂=CHCOOH. It is the simplestunsaturatedcarboxylic acid, consisting of avinyl groupconnected directly to acarboxylic acidterminus. This colorless liquid has a characteristic acrid or tart smell. It is miscible withwater, alcohols, ethers, andchloroform. More than a million tons are produced annually.

Acrylic acid and its esters readily combine with themselves (to formpolyacrylic acid) or othermonomers(e.g.acrylamides, acrylonitrile, vinylcompounds, styrene, andbutadiene) by reacting at their double bond, forminghomopolymersorcopolymers, which are used in the manufacture of variousplastics, coatings, adhesives, elastomers, as well as floor polishes and paints.

Acrylic acid is a compound, which is used of many industries like thediaperindustry, thewater treatmentindustry or the textiles industry.

Citric acidis aweakorganic acidthat has the chemical formulaC
6H
8O
7. It occurs naturally incitrus fruits. Inbiochemistry, it is an intermediate in thecitric acid cycle, which occurs in themetabolismof allaerobic organisms.

More than a million tons of citric acidare manufacturedevery year. It is used widely as anacidifier, as aflavoringandchelating agent.

Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or in recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is used withsodium bicarbonatein a wide range ofeffervescentformulae, both for ingestion (e.g., powders and tablets) and for personal care (e.g., bath salts, bath bombs, and cleaning ofgrease). Citric acid sold in a dry powdered form is commonly sold in markets and groceries as "sour salt", due to its physical resemblance to table salt. It has use in culinary applications, as an alternative to vinegar or lemon juice, where a pure acid is needed.

Citric acid can be used infood coloringto balance the pH level of a normally basic dye.

Formic acid, systematically named methanoic acid, is the simplestcarboxylic acid. Thechemical formulaisHCOOHor HCO₂H. It is an important intermediate inchemical synthesisand occurs naturally, most notably in some ants. The word "formic" comes from theLatinword for ant, formica, referring to its early isolation by thedistillationof ant bodies.Esters, salts, and theanionderived from formic acid are calledformates. Industrially formic acid is produced frommethanol.

A major use of formic acid is as apreservativeandantibacterialagent in livestock feed. In Europe, it is applied onsilage(including fresh hay) to promote the fermentation oflactic acidand to suppress the formation ofbutyric acid; it also allows fermentation to occur quickly, and at a lower temperature, reducing the loss of nutritional value.^[6]Formic acid arrests certain decay processes and causes the feed to retain its nutritive value longer, and so it is widely used to preserve winter feed forcattle.^[20]In thepoultryindustry, it is sometimes added to feed to killE. colibacteria.^[21][22]Use as preservative for silage and (other) animal feed constituted 30% of the global consumption in 2009.^[11

Phosphoric acid(also known asorthophosphoric acidorphosphoric(V) acid) is aweak acidwith thechemical formulaH₃PO₄. Orthophosphoric acid refers tophosphoric acid, which is theIUPAC namefor this compound. The prefixortho-is used to distinguish the acid from related phosphoric acids, called polyphosphoric acids. Orthophosphoric acid is a non-toxicacid, which, when pure, is asolidat roomtemperatureandpressure. Theconjugate baseof phosphoric acid is thedihydrogen phosphateion, H
2PO
4, which in turn has a conjugate base ofhydrogen phosphate, HPO2
4, which has a conjugate base ofphosphate, PO3
4. Phosphates are essential for life.

The dominant use of phosphoric acid is forfertilizers, consuming approximately 90% of production

Food-grade phosphoric acid (additiveE338^[13]) is used to acidify foods and beverages such as variouscolasand jams. It provides a tangy or sour taste. Phosphoric acid in soft drinks has the potential to cause dental erosion.^[14]Phosphoric acid also has the potential to contribute to the formation of kidney stones, especially in those who have had kidney stones previously.

Stearic acid(/strk/STEER-ik, /stirk/stee-ARR-ik) is a saturatedfatty acidwith an 18-carbon chain and has the IUPAC nameoctadecanoic acid. It is a waxy solid and its chemical formula is C₁₇H₃₅CO₂H. Its name comes from theGreekword "star", which meanstallow. The salts andestersof stearic acid are calledstearates. As its ester, stearic acid is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in nature followingpalmitic acid.^[9]The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is calledstearin.

tearic acid is mainly used in the production of detergents, soaps, and cosmetics such asshampoosandshaving creamproducts. Soaps are not made directly from stearic acid, but indirectly bysaponificationof triglycerides consisting of stearic acid esters.Estersof stearic acid withethylene glycol, glycol stearate, andglycol distearateare used to produce a pearly effect in shampoos, soaps, and other cosmetic products. They are added to the product in molten form and allowed to crystallize under controlled conditions. Detergents are obtained from amides and quaternary alkylammonium derivatives of stearic acid.