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While designing the pipe line system, the level and depth of the trench is calculated depending on factor such as the terrain and function of the pipeline. Excavation and pipe laying must take place simultaneously, as leaving trenches open for too long, makes them unsuitable for use. A fine layer of sand should be spread on the trench-bed, to avoid mechanical damage arising due to the pipe coming in direct contact with the solid bed. Like wise, it is also recommended to put a fine layer of fine sand on the top of the pipe before filling and carrying the soil to cover the trench. As pipe laying advances, trenches must be backfilled immediately. The pipe joints however should be left exposed till after the pipe line s stem has been tested. The maximum width of the trench must be equal to the pipe diameter plus 300 mm. At the crown of the pipe, the trench width must not exceed the pipe diameter plus 600 mm.
1. Basic Parameters
1.1 Water Quantity (Q) : the amount of water required to irrigate the land, considering crop pattern and irrigation frequency (in liters/second)
1.2 Length of Pipe line (L) : The length of the pipe, from source to destination of discharge point (in meters)
1.3 Static Head (H) : The level difference between the lowest and the highest level of the pipe (in meters)
For best efficiency and optimum output, use the flow chart available below shown. It is suggested that one should select the pipe size at an inter section of velocity 1 meter/second and discharge (litre/second). Frictional losses (h2) are also to be taken care of as shown in the diagram.
V = 4.567 X 10 X C X D X S
Where V = Velocity of fluid flowing through the pipe
D = Internal Diameter of the pipe
C = Hazen Williams co-eff. for PVC (150)
S = Hydraulic Gradient
The total head (H) acting on the pipe area on a particular point is calculated as
H = h1+h2 + 10% (h1+h2) (in meter/km.)
Where 10% (h1+h2) is the safety factor for losses in valves and fittings
The selection of high pressure class can then be done from
the table :
The formula is : HP of the pump = Q X H/75 X h
Where s = Efficiency of the pump in % (i.e. 65%)
From the basis of these calculations suitable pump can be procured from the market.
An air valve in the pipe line, functions the way are nose does. This is one of most critical - yet often neglected components in an uPVC Pipe line.
Since air is compressible in nature, it tends to accumulate in the pipe line. A non-functional air valve causes the accumulated air to generate very high localized pressure. This can not be read on a conventional pressure gauge. To avoid such an occurence, air valve should be installed at distances of 300 to 400 meters at all peak points through out the pipe line.
Such air valves can be easily procured from the market by having a proper selection of material
available.
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Ladwa, Kurukshetra, Haryana 
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