The genusLitseais predominant in tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Taiwan, and Japan. The plant possesses medicinal properties and has been traditionally used for curing various gastro-intestinal ailments (e.g., diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion, and gastroenteritis) along with diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injury. Besides its medicinal properties, Litseais known for its essential oil, which has protective action against several bacteria, possesses antioxidant and antiparasitic properties, exerts acute and genetic toxicity as well as cytotoxicity, and can even prevent several cancers. Here we summarize the ethnopharmacological properties, essentials oil, medicinal uses, and health benefits of an indigenous plant of northeast India, emphasizing the profound research to uplift the core and immense potential present in the conventional medicine of the country. This review is intended to provide insights into the gaps in our knowledge that need immediate focus on in-situ conservation strategies ofLitseadue to its non-domesticated and dioecious nature, which may be the most viable approach and intense research for the long-term benefits of society and local peoples. Litsea Cubeba is the botanical name for May Chang, a tree belonging to the Lauraceae family. It bears whitish-yellowish flowers that have a characteristic citrusy fragrance and fruits that resemble peppers. Litsea cubeba, or May Chang, is a tree that is native to the Southern region of China, as well as the tropical areas of Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Taiwan, but varieties of the plant have also been found as far as Australia and South Africa. The tree is very popular in these areas and has been utilized for a variety of reasons for hundreds of years.

Amyris Essential Oil has a soft, resinous scent that is often used in perfumes as a base note. This oil is wonderful for relaxation, with a refreshing aroma that helps melt away stress and support a balanced, anxiety-free mind, particularly before sleep. When added to creams and diluted in a carrier oil, It can also be used in natural beauty products to help improve the appearance of fine lines and the texture of mature skin. It is a thick, pale yellow essential oil steam distilled from the wood of a tree native to Haiti and other tropical climates. Amyris is also sometimes called West Indian Sandalwood or Torchwood; however, its properties are different, and it is not botanically related to true Sandalwood oil.

Angelica Root Essential Oil also has a history of aromatherapy use towards combating stress, anxiety and exhaustion. The aroma of Root Oil to be pleasant. It is known for its use in perfumery and fragrance. It's woody and peppery aroma blends well with wood oils like Cedarwood, Juniper Berry Essential Oil, some of the spice oils, and blending it with Orange or Bergamot Essential Oils.

AngelicaEssential Oil is extracted from the roots and seeds through a process of steam distillation.

Originating from Africa and now native to northern and eastern Europe as well as parts of Asia, theAngelicaplant is a large, water-loving herb with small, white-green flowers. As the Black Plague swept through Europe, AngelicaEssential Oil was introduced by Royal Prescription as it was believed to be the antidote.

The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and fuel. The plant is sold in local markets for medicinal use. Artemisia herba-alba is a popular herbal treatment in N. Africa, where it is a remedy for all kinds of ailments. The plant is considered to be carminative, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifug. It is used in the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, coughs and colds, lung problems, diarrhoea, vomiting, flatulence, fever, measles, jaundice, poisoning, cardiac arrhythmia, and muscle weakness It is also used for treating parasitic infections such as roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and flukes.

The bay tree is native to the Caribbean islands from where it is believed to have spread to other parts of the world. Bay held an important place in Ancient Rome and Greece as well, in their religion, culture, and in their medicines.

This is extracted by steam distillation of fresh leaves of the bay tree, whose scientific name is Laurus Nobilis.

However, science we are here to discuss the medicinal importance of this essential oil, we shall now see what treasures it holds for our health.

This is an evergreen tree which can grow up to 20 meters high with dark green, glossy leaves and black barriers. Bay was very popular with the Romans, who thought it was a symbol of wisdom, peace and protection. The latin Laudis means to praise, which is why the victors at the Olympic games were presented with a laurel wreath made of bay leaves.

Bay is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions with Mediterranean oceanic climates, and as a house plant of greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in topiary to create single erect steam with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also, for low hedges. Together with a gold from, L. nobilis Aurea.

Bergamot scientific name is Citrus bergamia. Bergamot essential oil is light yellow-green in color. Its the most delicate of the citrus plants, requiring special climate and soil in order to thrive.

The bergamot tree can grow up to four meters high, with star-shaped flowers, and smooth leaves, bearing citrus fruit resembling but in a pear-shaped. The fruit ripens from green to yellow. The name bergamot is derived from the city Bergamo in Lombardy in Lombardy where the oil was first sold.

Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria, southern Italy. It is also grown in southern France and in cote dlviro for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade. The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. However, in Mauritius where it is grown on small-scale basis, it is largely used for juice consumption by the locals.

Betel leaf oil derived from betel leaf plant leaves that yield this aromatic essential oil. The heart-shaped leaves have distinct pleasant aroma and are commonly chewed alone or with other plant materials.

The betel which includes pepper and kava. Betel leaf is mostly consumed Asia, and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, as betel quid or in paan with Areca nut and/or .

In Sri Lanka and in many parts of India a sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Occasions includes, greeting elders at weeding ceremonies, New Year, offering payment to Ayurvedic physicians and astrologers where usually money and/or areca nut are kept on top of the sheaf of leaves and offered to the elders for their blessings.

The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in India farmers called barouj prepare a garden called a barouj in which to grow betel. the barouj is fenced with bamboo sticks and coconut leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 meters length, 75 centimeters in width and 75 centimeters depth. Oil cakes manure, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the topsoil of the furrows and wood ash. The cutting is planted at the beginning of the monsoon season.

Birch essential oil (Betula lenta) is a rare and hard to produce oil created from the steam distillation of the bark of the tree. Because of the challenge to sustainably, safely, and frequsently harvest, its difficult to find a quality supplier of this oil. Many companies offer birch only seasonal and in very limited quantities, or itll be diluted or of weaker potency.

The birch tree is a graceful tree about 25m high, which has a pyramidal shape while young. It has bright green leaves and a dark reddish-brown aromatic bark, which his broken into plates or patches.

Barked birches in particular are cultivated as ornamental trees, largely for their appearance in winter. The Himalayan birch, Betula utilis, especially the variety or subspecies Jacque montii, is among the most widely planted for this purpose. It has been cultivated since the 1870s, and many cultivars are available, including Doorenbos, Grays wood Ghost and silver shadow, knights hayes has a slightly weeping habit.

Orange Oils ability to naturally enhance immunity and reduce several symptoms of numerous ailments have lent it to traditional medicinal applications for the treatment of acne, chronic stress, and other health concerns.

Orange Oil is known to be beneficial for maintaining the health, appearance, and texture of skin by promoting clarity, radiance, and smoothness. In doing so, it reduces the signs of acne and other uncomfortable skin conditions.Its characteristic aroma denotes a special character for perfumes and cosmetics.

Orange oil enhances the sense of relaxation and contributes anti-bacterial and cleansing properties. When suffering from allergies the oil relieves a runny nose and cough, as its anti-inflammatory properties can benefit the bodys response to physical irritation. Its strong bitter aroma creates respiratory relief.

Black cumin seed oil has been used for health and wellness for thousands of years. In it, youll find vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and even compounds that improves cell growth. Its been called a veritable fountain of youth.

Black cumin seeds come from a plant called Nigella sativa. The plant is sometimes called black caraway or fennel flower too, and its a totally different plant from the cumin that you normally cook with. That kind of cumin comes from Cuminum cyminum and is related to parsley.

Archaeological evidence about the earliest cultivation of N. sativa is still scanty, but N. sativa seeds were found in several sites from ancient Egypt, including Tutankhamuns tomb. Seeds were found in a Hittite flask in Turkey from the second millennium BCE.

Nigella sativa black-caraway, also known as nigella (or kalonji), often called black cumin, is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to south and southwest Asia.

Nigella sativa grows to 20-30 cm (7.9-11.8 in) tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) leaves. The flower is delicate, and usually colored pale blue and white, with five to ten petals. The black caraway fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of three to seven united follicles, each containing numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for black cumin.

M. cajuputiis one of the 10 species that together form theM. leucadendra(L.) (also often namedM. leucadendron) complex. Many early references toM. leucadendraorM. leucadendronyielding cajeput oil from Indonesia and Vietnam in fact refer toM. cajuputi. It is often difficult to distinguish species within the complex, especially in areas where they overlap, because distinctive characteristics also overlap. Within the complex, M. cajuputiis most closely related toM. viridifloraSol. ex Gaertner andM. quinquenervia(Cav.) S.T. Blake. Distinctive characteristics are:M. cajuputihas leaves with petiole 3-11 mm long, blade mostly longer than 5 cm and less than 2.5 cm wide, old leaves densely dotted with glands, rather thin in texture, with reticulations almost as prominent as the main veins and young shoots with spreading hairs.M. viridiflorahas leaves with petioles 1-2 cm long, blades wider than 2.5 cm, very thick, young shoots with appressed silky hairs.M. quinquenerviais likeM. cajuputibut its old leaves are not conspicuously dotted with glands, not thin-textured and have obscure reticulations. It is Evergreen shrub or usually single-stemmed tree up to 25(-40) m tall with an extensive root system, sometimes with aerial adventitious roots. Bark layered, fibrous and papery, grey to white. Crown fairly dense and wide, somewhat silvery in appearance; smaller branches and twigs slender but not drooping, young shoots densely silky hairy with spreading fine hairs up to 2 mm long.

M. cajuputiis a long-lived, moderately fast-growing tropical tree adapted to both waterlogged and well drained soils. On soils subject to prolonged waterlogging it develops aerial adventitious roots, which can form buttresses on the lower trunk. Like all melaleucas, it does not develop dormant buds and grows whenever conditions are favourable. After bush fires, it will regenerate by seed, coppicing and from root suckers.

In Ayurveda Acorus calamus is known as VACHA and publicly known as sweet flag or Bacha. This is a species of semiaquatic, perennial, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. The plant is found in the northern temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The plant prefers swampy or marshy habitats. It is plentiful in the marshy tracts of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Naga hills, and is regularly cultivated in Karnataka. The plant exhibits polyploidy and three karyotypes. The diploid karyotype (2n 24) grows in North America and in parts of Asia (Siberia); the triploid karyotype (3n 36) is present in Central Europe and Kashmir, India; the tetraploid karyotype (4n 48) is found in India, East Asia, and Japan. In India, the plant is found growing wild as well as cultivated up to an altitude of 2200m in the Himalayas.

The leaves of Acorus calamus have a lemony scent as well as the roots have a sweet fragrance. Acorus calamus has long been known for its medicinal value and has been cultivated in Asia for this reason. It is a perennial, semi-aquatic and smelly plant, found in both temperate and subtemperate zones. It is up to 6 feet tall, aromatic, sword-shaped leaves and small, yellow/green flowers with branched rhizome.

C. camphora is a designated noxious in north-eastern New South Wales and an important in south-east Queensland, Australia). It dominates the landscape in cleared or disturbed hillsides, valleys and watercourses approximately 100 years after it was extensively planted as an ornamental tree species, particularly on elevated krasnozem soils. C. camphora bears heavy fruit loads which are attractive to a number of bird species, which spread seed extensively, and seed have excellent viability in the first year. It forms single-dominant stands that dominates other vegetation and is a major economic pest to landholders, power authorities and local councils. It is spreading in other agricultural areas on the east coast of Australia, and there is potential for spread in other sub-tropical areas throughout the world.

Spices are an important bio-nutrients for both food ingredients and nutritional supplements. From ancient times, spices have been used as food additives to enhance the taste and be flavor of food. Apart from these uses, spices also have numerous medicinal properties and used to treat several disorders that form an important part of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (Indian System of Medicine). Spices have increasingly larger role to play in Indian recipes as the bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, antifertility, anti-helminthic and other medicinal properties and believed to aid digestion. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, more than a few spices and herbs have hold and possess several medicinal properties such as antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, eicosanoid inhibitor.

Caraway seeds from the plant Carum carvi are known as kmmel in German. They are crescent-shaped, long, and have five pale ridges. Caraway is more common in the German kitchen than cumin and is typically used whole, not ground. It has an anise-like flavor and aroma that is popular in breads (especially rye breads), cheeses, sauerkraut, and root vegetables. It also can be found in desserts, liquors, and as an ingredient in beauty products, folk medicine, and breath fresheners.

Cumin is sometimes confused with caraway. Cumin is hotter to the taste, lighter in color, and the seeds are larger than those of caraway. Cumin's distinctive flavor is strong and has a warm aroma due to its essential oil content.

Carrot Seed Essential Oil is derived from the dried seeds of the Daucus carota botanical, more commonly known as the Wild Carrot or Queen Annes Lace, as it is referred to in Europe. Carrot Seed Essential Oil is commonly mistaken for both Carrot Seed Carrier Oil and Carrot Carrier Oil. The former carrier oil is obtained by infusing a vegetable oil with cold-pressed Wild Carrot seeds, while the latter is the result of infusing a vegetable oil with macerated Wild Carrot or Carrot root then straining it. Thus, both are infused oils, though one is infused with the seeds and the other with the root. The essential oil, however, is commonly steam distilled from the seeds.

Carrot is the one of the major vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. The domesticated types are divided into two groups: the Eastern or Asian carrots (var. atrorubens), with mainly purple and yellow roots; and the Western carrots (var. sativus) with mainly orange roots. Carrots were thought to be domesticated in Afghanistan as the primary centre of diversity and they were spread over Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean area, and the origin of western cultivated carrots were thought to be in the Asia Minor Centre, primarily Turkey.

Carrot Seed Oil has found uses in traditional Chinese medicine, which applies it as a bath or massage oil to address muscle pain or as an effective treatment for intestinal ailments such as dysentery and worms. It is also traditionally used in the manufacturing of perfumes to contribute its woody nuance to scents that are Oriental and aldehydic. When used in other cosmetics, it is a traditional and popular moisturizing agent for all-purpose body lotions.

The genusCinnamomum(Laureaceae family) consists of 250 spices of trees and shrubs distributed in south-east Asia, China, and Australia. It is a small, evergreen tree, 1015m tall. The bark is widely employed as a spice, its leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, and 718cm long. The flowers, arranged in panicles, have a greenish color and have a rather disagreeable odor. The fruit is a purple 1cm berry containing a single seed. It is found in tropical rain forests, where it grows at various altitudes from highland slopes to lowland forests and occurs in both marshy places and on well-drained soils. However, in latitudes with seasonal climatic conditions, they become exceedingly rare. There are two main varieties of cinnamon namely the Ceylon or true cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) and cassia (Cinnamom aromaticum).C. zeylanicumis native to Sri Lanka and tropical Asia and exotic to several African countries, such as Comoros, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Cassia cinnamon comes from the Cinnamomum cassia tree, also called Cinnamomum aromaticum. It originated in Southern China and is also known as Chinese cinnamon. However, there are several subspecies now widely grown across Eastern and Southern Asia. Cassia tends to be a dark brown-red color with thicker sticks and a rougher texture than Ceylon cinnamon. Cassia cinnamon is considered lower quality. It is very cheap and is the type most consumed around the world. Almost all cinnamon found in supermarkets is the cassia variety. Cassia has long been used in cooking and in traditional Chinese medicine. Roughly 95% of its oil is cinnamaldehyde, which gives cassia a very strong, spicy flavor.

Cedar trees in general have a long history of use for furniture and buildings as well as in various herbal remedies and aromatherapy preparations. According to the Old Testament, King Hiram of Tyre sent cedar wood from Lebanon to King Solomon for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Cedar wood has also been used for centuries to line closets or make chests to protect clothing from moths. The fragrant wood was also used by Native Americans as well as the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans as an ingredient in incense blends.

Thujais a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress) family. There are five species in the genus, two natives to North America and three native to eastern Asia. The genus is monophyletic and sister toThujopsis. They are commonly known as arborvitaes (from Latin for tree of life) or Thujas; several species are widely known as cedar but, because they are not true cedars (Cedrus), it has been recommended to call them red-cedars or white-cedars.

Thuja occidentalis, commonly known as Arbor vitae or white cedar, is indigenous to eastern North America and is grown in Europe as an ornamental tree. The plant was first identified as a remedy by native Indians in Canada during a 16th century expedition and was found to prove effective in the treatment of weakness from scurvy. In folk medicine, Thuja occ has been used to treat bronchial catarrh, enuresis, cystitis, psoriasis, uterine carcinomas, amenorrhea and rheumatism. Today, it is mainly used in homeopathy as mother tincture or dilution. In combination with other immunomodulating plants, such as Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida and Baptisia tinctoria, this medicinal plant is also used as evidence-based phytotherapy for acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract, and as an adjuvant to antibiotics in severe bacterial infections such as bronchitis, angina, pharyngitis, otitis media and sinusitis.

Apium graveolens, the botanical name of Ajamoda. This is also known as celery. It is annual or bionomical herbaceous plant. It is known to be the native of Mediterranean regions like Asia, Africa and Europe. It grows up to the height of 60 to 90 cm. the root system is of tap root system. Wild plants grow with fragrance and pinnately divided leaves. In other form, biennial form, plants have a basal rosette of leaves in primary years, later near summers, it florates in off white flowers in umbels. Umbels are with property of inflorescence. The flowers of the plants are so small with five petals of ovule shape within floured tips. The carpals of the flower are in semi trade sub pentagonal and filiform. The primary ridges of the carpals are very much distinct. The fruit of the plant is schizocarp (a dry fruit when ripe, splits into single seeded parts). These fruits are aromatic, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, with two mericarps, sub orbicular and ellipsoid. The color of the flowers are greyish brown. There is cross pollination found in this plant. Ajamoda is ancestor of two different kinds of crops.

Celery was first cultivated as a food plant in Europe, mainly in Italy and France. From here, the plant spreads to Sweden, Algeria, Egypt, and Ethiopia and then to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Central Region (Najd) is said to be the main geographical region of this plant in the KSA.

A. graveolens(Karafs) is being used as anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, laxative, sedative stimulants in the Arab traditional medicine.

Chamomile is a plant that has been used since ancient Egypt in a variety of healing applications. Chamomile is a native of the Old World; it is related to the daisy family, having strongly scented foliage and flowers with white petals and yellow centers. The name chamomile is derived from two Greek words that mean ground and apple, because chamomile leaves smell somewhat like apples, and because the plant grows close to the ground.

There are two varieties of chamomile commonly used in herbal preparations for internal use and foraromatherapy.One is called Roman chamomile(Anthemis nobilis), with contemporary sources in Belgium and southern England. Roman chamomile grows to a height of 9 in (23 cm) or less, and is frequently used as a ground cover along garden paths because of its pleasant apple scent. German chamomile(Matricaria recutita)is grown extensively in Germany, Hungary, and parts of the formerSoviet Union. German chamomile grows to a height of about 3 ft (1 m) and is the variety most commonly cultivated in theUnited States, where it is used medicinally.

Moroccan chamomile is a member of the tansy botanical family and is like German chamomile since day both produce a deep, ink-blue color when in the form of an essential oil. Out of the two varieties, Moroccan chamomile has the highest levels of chamazulene; however, there are some chamomiles that are not blue in color. They are appelled Moroccan chamomile because they are a variety of chamomile that is a grown in morocco. True Tanacetum annuum is blue and contains the highest levels of chamazulene; however, there is some concern with Tanacetum annuum, also called blue tansy oil.

The genusCinnamomum(Laureaceae family) consists of 250 spices of trees and shrubs distributed in south-east Asia, China, and Australia. It is a small, evergreen tree, 1015m tall. The bark is widely employed as a spice, its leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, and 718cm long. The flowers, arranged in panicles, have a greenish color and have a rather disagreeable odor. The fruit is a purple 1cm berry containing a single seed. It is found in tropical rain forests, where it grows at various altitudes from highland slopes to lowland forests and occurs in both marshy places and on well-drained soils. However, in latitudes with seasonal climatic conditions, they become exceedingly rare. There are two main varieties of cinnamon namely the Ceylon or true cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) and cassia (Cinnamom aromaticum).C. zeylanicumis native to Sri Lanka and tropical Asia and exotic to several African countries, such as Comoros, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The most importantcinnamonoils in word trade are those fromCinnamomumzeylanicum, Cinnamomum cassia, andCinnamomum camphora. The cinnamon essential oil composition varies depending on the geographical origin of the spice and the processing conditions. Likewise, it has been detected slight differences between the composition of volatile oils from buds, flowers, and fruits fromC. zeylanicum.Jayaprakasha etal. (2000)reported that the oil from buds contains higher amounts of mono and sesquiterpenes, and most characteristic compounds such as cinnamaldehyde are found in flowers and fruits and in lower amounts in buds

the genus cymbopogon belongs to the family poaceae, which is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of africa, asia, and america. this genus is famous for its high content of essential oils, which have been used for cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and perfumery applications. cymbopogon nardus (l.) rendle, popularly known as citronella, native to ceylon is one of the cymbopogon species. the essential oil obtained from the leaves of cymbopogon nardus is commonly used as an insect repellent. many studies have shown the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of this oil. furthermore, a higher cytotoxic activity of cymbopogon nardus l. essential oils on human epidermic cell line hacat was demonstrated. thus, the essential oil of cymbopogon nardus could be quite suitable as an active component in pharmaceutical formulations for skin treatment and its damages repairing. moreover, cymbopogon essential oil can be used for the control of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in the food industry.

citronella oil comes from the asian grass plant known as cymbopogon nardus. its most commonly used as a natural fragrant oil, in insect repellents, as well as in beauty, household and perfume products. according to dozens of clinical studies, pure citronella oil is an antiseptic, antimicrobial and antifungal treatment. the most popular use for citronella is as a constituent in homemade or commercially sold insect repellents, since it naturally repels mosquitos and other bugs. the u.s. environmental protection agency considers citronella to be a biopesticide that has a nontoxic mode of action against insects.

One of the earliest known spices in trade, the dried, aromatic flower buds produced by this medium-sized tree are familiar to many of us as a common kitchen spice.

Clove contains several volatile oils, the most significant of which is eugenol that comprises up to 90% of the total oil produced. Eugenol has numerous medical and commercial applications and continues to be extracted primarily from clove buds, though it can also be extracted from the leaves of the clove tree and from some other plants, such as allspice (Pimenta dioica), in smaller quantities.

Clove was originally found only on the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, but in the 17th century fierce competition between warring European nations that sought control of the spice trade eventually led to clove trees being transported all over the world for cultivation.

The historical importance of clove in international trade means it is now grown in numerous locations throughout the tropics including Indonesia, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and parts of the Caribbean. More recently, clove production has begun in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Clove grows best on tropical mountain slopes at lower elevations as part of a mixed forest. Many of the islands to which they are native are volcanic.

Saussurea costus(Falc.) Lipschitz, synSaussurea lappaC.B. Clarke, one of the best-known species within this genus, is commonly known as costus. Due to the remarkable biological activity ofS. costusand its constituents it will have an appropriate place in various systems of medicines all over the globe. It grows on the moist slopes of the Himalayas at altitudes of 8000-12000 feet in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Lahul Spiti, etc. It both grows wild and is cultivated. The roots have a long history of medicinal and aesthetic use in Tibet, India and other mountain regions.It was a prized item of commerce from the earliest times as the roots were reputed not only to have great curative properties but also wonderful aromatic qualities much prized in perfume creations of the ancient world. It not only was appreciated as an oil but as a prime ingredient in incense. In Ayurveda the name Kushta refers to an ancient Vedic plant god mentioned in the Atharvaveda as a remedy for takman, the archetypal disease of excess or jvara (fever). In ancient India Kushta was a divine plant derived from heavenly sources, growing high in the Himalayas, considered to be the brother of the divine Soma. In Ayurveda Kushta is a rasayana for Vata, helping to normalize and strengthen digestion, cleanse the body of toxic accumulations, enhance fertility, and reduce pain.

The genusSaussureaDC. of the family Asteraceae comprises about 300 species in the world of which about 61 species exist in India.Saussurea costushas become an important drug in the international market as well as Indian systems of medicine. It is used either as a single drug or in combination with other drugs. In India, this is endemic in the sub alpine region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand from altitudes of 32003800 m.

Spices are an important bio-nutrients for both food ingredients and nutritional supplements. From ancient times, spices have been used as food additives to enhance the taste and be flavor of food. Apart from these uses, spices also have numerous medicinal properties and used to treat several disorders that form an important part of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (Indian System of Medicine). Spices have increasingly larger role to play in Indian recipes as the bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, antifertility, anti-helminthic and other medicinal properties and also believed to aid digestion. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, more than a few spices and herbs have hold and possess several medicinal properties such as antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, eicosanoid inhibitor.1 Cumin is popular as culinary spice and used in folklore therapy because the presence of aromatic substances in the herb. Cumin comes under the category of traditional spice from middle ages. It was too much popular, because of its peppery flavor. During the middle ages in Europe, cumin became as an icon of love and fidelity and also some people wants to carry cumin in their pockets to give in wedding ceremonies. Cumin is a small hairy, brownish in color, boat shaped seed plant that have a spicy sweet aroma property and powerful slightly bitter and pungent flavor.

Cumin seeds are obtained from the herbCuminum cyminum, native from East Mediterranean to South Asia belonging to the family Apiaceaea member of the parsley family. Cumin seeds are oblong and yellowgrey. Cumin seeds are liberally used in several cuisines of many different food cultures since ancient times, in both whole and ground forms. In India, cumin seeds have been used for thousands of years as a traditional ingredient of innumerable dishes including kormas and soups and also form an ingredient of several other spice blends. Besides food use, it has also many applications in traditional medicine. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India, cumin seeds have immense medicinal value, particularly for digestive disorders. They are used in chronic diarrhea and dyspepsia.

Cupressus sempervirens is a tree that grows up to 30 m tall. The leaves are 0.5 to 1 mm, dark green and obtuse. The male cones are 4 to 8 mm, the female are 25 to 40 mm. They are elliptical-oblong (rarely globose), green when young and shining yellowish-gray when ripe, with 8 to 14 short and obtusely spiked scales. There are 8 to 20 seeds on each scale. Cupressus sempervirens, also known as the Mediterranean cypress or Italian cypress, is native to the eastern Mediterranean region, North America and subtropical Asia at higher altitudes. Literature survey regarding its pharmacology revealed thatCupressus sempervirenshas antiseptic, aromatherapeutic, astringent, balsamic or anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent, antiseptic, deodorant and diuretic activities. Literature survey regarding chemistry showed that monoterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoid glycoside and biflavonoid compounds are found in this species. The present review aims to highlight the chemistry, traditional uses and biological activities of theCupressus sempervirensplant.

Cyperus scariosus is a small grass-like herb with angular soft stem and underground rhizomatous tubers. The plant is a glabrous herb. Stolons are slender, 0.8-5.0cm by 0.25cm, clothed by elliptic, acute, lax striate concolorous scales 1/8inch long, stem 40-90cm long, slender, triquetrous at top 1/24-1/16inch in diameter, leaves are variable, usually short (less than 1/3 stem), narrow, weak, and umbels are slender, contracted, rays slender sometimes up to 3inch long, and bracts are nearly always as the leaves i.e. hardly any when leaves short, exceeding inflorescence when leaves longish, and spikelets are linear pale straw-colour (Figure I) and rhizome are very short, woody, stolons, lateral shoots from base of stem immediately ascending, glumes scarcely imbricate in fruit. The rhizome of this plant contains an amber or light brown viscous essential oil. Cyperus, also known as Nagarmotha in Hindi, belongs to the family of Cyperaceae. Cypriol Oil is obtained by the steam distillation of dried roots ofCyperus scariosus. The oil is a mildly viscous liquid, with a dark brownish to brownish red colour. Its odour is woody and deep, with smoky notes of leather. Cyprene is its major component. The oil is mainly used in perfumery formulations

The genus nameAnethumis derived from Greek word aneeson or aneeton, which means strong smelling. Its common use in Ayurvedic medicine is in abdominal discomfort, colic and for promoting digestion. Ayurvedic properties of shatapushpa are katu tikta rasa, usna virya, katu vipaka, laghu, tiksna and snigdha gunas. It cures vata, kapha, ulcers, abdominal pains, eye diseases and uterine pains.

Anethum sowaL. (Bengali-Shulfa) belonging to the familyApiaceae(Umbelliferae), comes under genusAnethumand it is an annual and winter spice crop in Bangladesh. It is mostly grown in the northern part of Bangladesh. A variant called Indian dill or sowa (Anethum sowaRoxb.) is largely cultivated in Bangladesh, India, Egypt and Japan. Indigenous people consume it as a spice for a flavoring agent in food preparation. The herb grows ordinarily 22.5ft. in height with small feathery leaves, tapped and branched roots. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the two chemotypes i.e. European dill (Anethum graveolensL.) and Indian dill (Anethum sowaL.) are differentiated mainly by the apiol and carvone content.Anethum sowais rich in apiol whereasAnethum graveolensis rich in carvone. The typical flavor of dill herb oil is due to -phellandrene, limonene and dill ether (anethofuran). The green herb, seeds and its roots are used as folkloric medicine e.g. aromatic, carminative especially useful in the treatment of flatulence, colic and hiccups of infants and children. Recently, it has been reported that seed essential oils are the potential source of antioxidant and also have antimicrobial and antispasmodic properties

Eucalyptus, (genusEucalyptus), largegenusof more than 660speciesof shrubs and tall trees of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native toAustralia, Tasmania, and nearby islands. In Australia the eucalypti are commonly known as gum trees or stringybark trees. Many species arecultivatedwidely throughout the temperate regions of the world as shade trees or in forestry plantations. Economically, eucalyptus treesconstituteone of the most valuable groups within the orderMyrtales.

The eucalypti grow rapidly, and many species attain great height. Thegiant gum tree, or mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans), of Victoria and Tasmania, is one of the largest species and attains a height of about 90 metres (300 feet) and a circumference of 7.5 metres (24.5 feet). Many species continually shed the dead outermost layer ofbarkin flakes or ribbons, whereas certain other species have thick textured bark. Theleavesare leathery and often hang obliquely or vertically; most species areevergreen. Theflowerpetals cohere to form a cap when the flower expands. The capsulefruitis surrounded by a woody cup-shaped receptacle and contains numerous minuteseeds. Possibly the largest fruitsfrom 5 to 6 cm (2 to 2.5 inches) in diameterare borne bymottlecah, or silverleaf eucalyptus (E. macrocarpa).

Foeniculum vulgare, called common fennel, is an upright, branching perennial that is typically grown in vegetable and herb gardens for its anise-flavored foliage and seeds, both of which are commonly harvested for use in cooking. It somewhat resembles a very large dill plant. It grows to 3-5 (less frequently to 6) tall and features feathery, compound, aromatic, yellow-green leaves with needle-like segments and tiny yellow flowers in large, flattened, compound umbels. Flowers bloom in mid- to late summer, and are followed by aromatic seeds. Plants have escaped gardens and naturalized in many parts of North America. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies. Fennel is a larval plant for certain swallowtail butterflies.

Foeniculum vulgareMill. is a biennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferaceae). It is a hardy, perennialumbelliferous herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It grows to a height of up to 2.5m with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40cm long; they are finely dissected with the ultimate segmentsfiliform(thread like) of about 0.5mm wide. The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels. The fruit is a dry seed 410mm long. It is generally considered indigenous to the shores of Mediterranean Sea but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world especially on dry soils near the sea coast and on the river banks. Some authors distinguish two sub-species of fennel, piperitumandvulgare: sub-speciespiperitumhas bitter seeds, while sub-speciesvulgarehas sweet seeds which are used as flavoring agents in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice creams, alcoholic beverages etc, due to their characteristic anise odor. Morphological differences between these

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forage legume and a traditional spice and aromatic crop that has been grown for centuries across the Indian subcontinent. In addition to South Asia, the crop is also grown in some parts of North Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean Europe, China, South East (SE) Asia, Australia, the USA, Argentina and Canada.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a leguminous herb which belongs to the family Fabaceae. The plant seeds are used in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean countries as one of the ingredients in daily diets and in some domains such as medicine, nutrition, beverages, fragrances, cosmetics, or industrial purposes. The pharmacological effects of fenugreek are antimicrobial, anticholesterolemic, carminative, febrifuge, laxative, restorative, uterine tonic, expectoral, galactogogue, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, hypotensive, etc.

Ginger is widely used as spice, and it has its origins in India. It is a medicinal plant in folk and traditional medicines. The spice is very common in India (it is known as adrak in Hindi) and China and is now used all over the world. It forms an integral part of many Asian cuisines due to its digestive properties. It is especially helpful in digesting food items such as meat and poultry, and it is frequently added to recipes for cooking meat as it softens the meat considerably, making it easier to digest. Ginger root and ginger oil are also used as preservative and flavoring agents. The antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory, relaxant, and warming effects of ginger oil have been confirmed in experimental and preclinical studies.

Ginger is a plant used in traditional medicine against different diseases because of its various properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, etc.). Ginger is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Numerous studies have been carried out to characterize and isolate its main bioactive compounds to elucidate the mechanisms of its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods. Results indicate that ginger contains monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and its derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, which provide a broad antimicrobial spectrum against different microorganisms and make it an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials. However, its application in foods has been scarcely explored and represents an opportunity area for further research.

The family Geraniaceae contains three genera: Geranium, Erodium, and Pelargonium. The names, derived from the three Greek words meaning crane, heron, and stork, refer to the resemblance of the seed case to the slender bills of these three birds. Pelargonium species originate in South Africa and different species are found in distinct habitats. The Pelargonium species related to the Geranium oil-producing cultivars are mainly located in the Cape area.

 

Pelargonium plants are comprised of a myriad of hybrids and cultivars. They are bushy perennial shrubs possessing hairy, jagged leaves and clusters of small, pink striped flowers. The plant grows best in a warm temperate climate with plenty of sunshine for maximum oil development. It is sensitive to cold weather and frost averse. Glands located widely over the surface of the leaves and the green parts of the plant produce an aromatic volatile oil. Variations in the aromatic compounds of different cultivars results in diverse aromatic profiles for the different types of geranium essential oils available, that is, rose geranium, geranium or rose geranium bourbon. This is a key component of the surprise and delight inherent in plant-based aromas.

Myrtus communis is an evergreen, hermaphrodite (flowers have both male and female organs) shrub. The leaves are aromatic, balsamic. Recent studies revealed the presence of substance with antibiotic action. Myrtus communis plant is taken internally in the treatment of urinary infections, digestive problems, vaginal discharge, bronchial congestion, sinusitis and dry coughs. In India it is used to treat cerebral affections, particularly epilepsy.

Green Myrte oil gives freshness and relaxation. It is extracted by steam distillation of leaves and twigs of Myrtus communis. It is basic resident of Australia.Green Myrte oil is prominently known for keeping up oral hygiene and strengthens respiratory system.

We provide a fine quality Green Myrte oil that relaxes mind and provide our consumer with sound sleep when they shuttle between busy schedules.

Bulnesia Sarmientoi Lorentz EX are native of South America. Trees are small and slow-growing having dense crown. The leaves are compound, broadly oval and rounded at tip. Resin obtained from tree is used for flavouring cakes and chewing gum. It is also added to edible oils to prevent acidification. The resin has medicinal properties and can treat chronic rheumatism, skin diseases, scrofula, dysmenorrhea and toothache. The wood is hard, close-grained, tough, dense, and durable.

Guaiac wood has diuretic properties which aid body to get rid of excess water. Its anti-oxidant contents maintain healthy body cells by preventing skin damage. This property makes its wide range of applications in skin care. We prepare the purest form of Guaiac wood oil by process of steam distillation of healthy wood obtained from best grown healthy trees.

Hyssopus officinalis L is a perennial plant, native to the Mediterranean region and was considered a holy plant in biblical times. During the time of the Romans, this herb was used against the plague, as a disinfectant and for treatment of minor infections. The plant grows up to 2 feet high and has a hairy stem with small pointy leaves and blue, purple or white flowers.

The mild and gentle Hyssop essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of leaves and flowers of Hyssopus officinalis L. flowers look similar to lavender and are staple folk medicine in European countries and Slovenia.

Jasmine essential oil lies in the luxurious oil category which is rare to find. It possesses a sweet and soothing aroma which is retrieved from the fresh white jasmine flowers. The precisely extracted oil has various application areas.

In cosmetic and perfume sectors, manufacturers use it to add magnetizing fragrance to the soaps and shampoos. Jasmine has a wide scope to be used to add fascinating aroma to the products. Along with that, it also has plenty of therapeutic benefits in the medical industry. This makes it the best essential oils range for calming the mind and treating depression. It not only aids to uplifts the spirits but also combats with the negative effects of anxiety. Over the years, jasmine oil has been used as a complete remedy to fight against low libido and insomnia.

Juniper berry essential oil is the abstract of fresh & dried berries and leaves of Juniperus plant species. These plants are well-known as the powerful immunity booster and detoxifier. These attributes make the essential oils more effective.

The colours of the berries differ in various species; in some, they are red-brown or orange but in most they are blue. Each juniper berry contains a resin (10 per cent), an essential oil (juniper berry oil, 0.5-2 per cent) with pinene and borneol, inositol, a flavonoid glycoside and a bitter compound (juniperin) which make it a rich source of aroma. Usually, the male and female flowers grow on different trees and only trees with female flowers bear fruit. The seed maturation time varies between species from6-18 months after pollination. The juniper berry takes two or three years to ripen, so that blue and green berries occur on the same plant. Only blue ripe berries are hand-picked and steam distilled to obtain juniper berry essential oil.

We produce pure and fine quality Juniper berry essential oil by the process of steam distillation of high-quality Juniper berries.

Lemon natural blend essential oil is retrieved from the organic lemon extracts that are carefully cold-pressed under suitable temperature. Due to the strong citrus present in lemons, this oil smells fresh, sweet and citrus. Lemon essential oil has various advantageous as it reduces bad odors by infusing its fresh lemon-drop to the home.

Lemongrass has long leaves that are cut and steam-distilled to produce lemongrass essential oil. Lemongrass oil is concentrated by preserving the quality and purity. Owing to the strong aroma, it is recognized as the best remedy for aromatherapy. People externally use it to kill bacteria. Aches reduction and helps in digestion extends the points of its benefits.

Nelumbo nuciferais commonly called sacred lotus about the sacred and symbolic status the flower holds in Buddhism and Hinduism. It is native to Asia and Australia. It is a large-flowered lotus that typically grows 3-6 tall in shallow water and spreads by thickened rhizomes rooted in the mud. This is a marginal aquatic perennial that features rounded, parasol-like, upward-cupped, waxy green leaves (to 2 across) that appear above the water on long petioles which attach at the middle of the leaf underside (peltate). Large, cupped, fragrant, pink or white flowers (8-12 diameter) appear in summer on stiff stems above the foliage. Each flower blooms for about three days, opening in the morning and closing at night each day. Flowers are followed by nut-like fruits that are imbedded in the flat surface of a turbinate (inversely conical) receptacle (2-3 diameter) which resembles the shape of a watering can rose. Receptacles acquire a woody texture when dried (suggestive of wasps nests) and are highly prized for dried flower arrangements. The rhizomes, leaves and seeds of lotus are edible and are sometimes used in Asian cooking.

Lotus essential oil is extracted from the petals of lotus flower by precisely using steam distillation method. Due to the high-quality and longer shelf life, we have become the prominent manufacturer and exporter of Lotus oil in the industry. In our small bottles, one can find the way to live naturally and also without diseases. As the authentic name in the market, we make sure that not even a single individual get deprived of such natural and 100% pure health enhancement remedies.

Myristica fragransis commonly named nutmeg or mace. It is an aromatic evergreen tree with spreading branches and a yellow fleshy fruit similar in appearance to an apricot or peach. The nutmeg fruit is pendulous and similar in presentation to a peach. When fully mature, it splits in two, exposing a crimson-colored aril. This is the mace which surrounds the nutmeg pit. Mace is a vibrant red-colored seed husk covering (aril).

Myristica fragrans is a small evergreen tree, usually 513 m (1643 ft) tall, but occasionally reaching 20 m (66 ft). The alternately arranged leaves are dark green, 515 cm (2.05.9 in) long by 27 cm (0.82.8 in) wide with petioles about 1 cm (0.4 in) long.

Nutmeg seed is encased in a mottled yellow, edible fruit which is in the approximate size and shape of a small peach. The fruit depicts a net-like, bright red covering over the seed when splited in to half. The aril is collected, dried and sold as mace. Under the aril is a dark shiny nut-like pit, and inside it is an oval shaped seed which is called the nutmeg. Nutmegs are usually sold without the mace.

Until the mid-19th century, the small island group of the Banda Islands, which are also known under the name "Spice Islands, " was the only location of the production of the spices nutmeg and mace in the world. The Banda Islands are situated in the eastern part of Indonesia, in the province of Maluku. They consist of eleven small volcanic islands, called Neira, Gunung Api, Banda Besar, Rhun, Ai, Hatta, Syahrir, Karaka, Manukan, Nailaka and Batu Kapal, with a total approximate land area of 8, 150 hectares.

Nutmeg is a delicate, slightly sweet spice that is widely used in cuisines around the world. The tree is also highly valued because of the essential oils derived from the tree and leaves, and nutmeg butter is also a popular derivative food that packs a healthy punch. The essential oils from nutmeg steam extract are highly beneficial to health and are frequently used in alternative and herbal medicine.

Palmarosa is one of natures star upholders of skin health. Because of this, palmarosa often finds a place in our skin care routines, for both our faces and bodies. The name palmarosa was given to this unique therapeutic plant because its fragrance is similar to that of rose oil. In the historical times, the Turks and Indians combined palmarosa essential oil with rose oil. While palmarosa pure essential oil has numerous therapeutic uses, it is more frequently used for cosmetic or rose solutions due to its moisturizing properties.

Cymbopogon martini is an evergreen, tufted, aromatic grass with numerous erect culms arising from a short, stout, woody rhizome. The stems are up to 3 metres tall. The plant has been gathered from the wild since antiquity, and this method still produces an important portion of the essential oil. However, the plant has also been cultivated since the beginning of the 20th Century and is now grown in several areas of the tropics. Palmarosa oil has gradually lost importance in the world market, being replaced by low-cost synthetic or natural geraniol. The natural oil is still preferred in high quality perfumes, however, especially in the Middle East.

Parsley Leaves energetic allows one to let go of distrust thought forms. If you want to begin to trust others and life again, wear Parsley Oil daily as a perfume and remind yourself that others may let you down, but you are there for you.

Parsley grows wild over a wide area of Western Asia and southern Europe, prompting the comment, "It is hard to define exactly where this plant is wild and where it only recently established itself. Fifteen desiccated Mericarps were found in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B level of the Nahal Hemar Cave in Israel, which may be the oldest archaeological find of Parsley. About half a liter (a pint) of Parsley mericarps was recovered from the tomb of Tutankhamen, and because this plant does not grow wild in Egypt, Zohary and Hopf interpret this find as proof that coriander was cultivated by the Ancient Egyptians.

Patchouli essential oil has a medium earthy aroma which adds luxurious element to aromatherapy when added to the blend. We produce a pure fine quality Patchouli essential oil steam distillation of leaves of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth.

In the Asian countries, Patchouli oil was traditionally used in folk medicine for treatment of hair problems like dandruff and oily scalp and also used for skin irritations like dryness, acne, and eczema.

Our main objective concerned with production is to provide our customers with fine quality Patchouli essential oil that is absolute for treatment of different body parts, skin and hair treatment.

Peru balsam oil also known as black balsam, quina, tolu, Balsam fir oil, and balsamo, comes from the balsam of Peru which is a resinous substance obtained from the tree known as Myroxylon balsamum or Myroxylon pereirae. This resin is oily in nature and smells like a mixture of clove, cinnamon and vanilla. This is a unique aromatic combination of sweet and spicy.

Myroxylon genus was originally described in 1753 by Linnaeus, such description was made using a specimen collected in the province of Cartagena and named it as Toluifera balsamum. It was established firstly by Linnaeus filius in 1781, when he described Myroxylon peruiferum based on a specimen collected by Mutis in South America.

The crude gum resin collected from Myroxylon pereira is subjected to steam distillation to obtain the sweet spicy Peru Balsam oil which has multiple applications for its aroma.

Petitgrain Natural blend essential oil is very much similar to neroli essential oil; as they are obtained from the bitter orange tree. Petitgrain is used in perfumery industry since the 18^th century and is a classic ingredient of the eau-de-cologne fragrance.

The Paraguayan industry of essential oil production from the bitter orange tree Citrus aurantium (L.) subsp. amara owes its existence to Benjamin Balansa who visited in 1873 and started distilling the essential oil. After the refreshing aroma it produces to soap in 1938, Paraguay produced 100, 000 kilograms of Petitgrain natural blend essential oil.

Petitgrain Natural blend essential oil is produced by steam distilling the leaves and twigs of Petitgrain bigard plant.

Out of over 200 species of the rose bush and approximately 10, 000 more hybrid species of rose, only about six species are used to produce rose oil and rose absolute, with the vast majority being produced from Rosa damascena and Rosa centifolia. Other species of rose used to produce rose otto and rose absolute in limited quantities are Rosa rugosa, Rosa alba, Rosa bourbonia and Rosa moschata. These particular rose species exhibit the traditional fragrance commonly associated with the rose plant, while other varieties may exude aromas of fruits, musks, or other flowers (Guenther, E. (1952) The Essential Oils. London: Macmillan). The roses familiar fragrance is due to a simple water-soluble alcohol, beta-phenylethanol, and three monoterpenic oil-soluble alcohols, geraniol, nerol, and citronellol. The acetate esters of these alcohols are also rose-scented but of a slightly different fragrance. The clove-scented eugenol and methyl eugenol contribute to the spiciness of the roses fragrance. The different concentrations of these chemicals determine the final fragrance, which varies for each species of rose

Rosa centifolia Also known as the cabbage rose or the Rose de Mai, Rosa centifolia possesses a rich, sweet, rosy and tenacious fragrance and is mainly grown in Egypt and Morocco, as well as in the Grasse region of France and in China. This species of rose is frequently used to produce Rose de Mai absolute and is thought to possess a greener, spicier fragrance than the Rosa damascena. The essential oil of Rosa centifolia was is more challenging to distill than the oil of Rosa damascena, most likely because of the increased delicacy of this species many-petaled blooms and it is rarely produced.

Rosmarinus officinalis, also known as rosemary, is an aromatic plant which belongs to the Lamiaceae family and is native to the Mediterranean region. Rosemary essential oil is produced by steam distillation from the flowering tips of the plant yielding a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a strong, warm, woody, balsamic aroma.

Rosemary is an evergreen, usually erect, bushy shrub up to 2 m tall and wide. Stem indistinctly quadrangular, finely grey pubescent. Leaves opposite, tufted on the branches, sessile to short petiolate; blade linear, 1-5 cm x 1-2 mm, base attenuate, margin entire but revolute, apex obtuse, leathery, dark glossy sea-green and subglabrous above, white-felted tomentose beneath, aromatically fragrant when crushed. Inflorescence racemose, axillary, 5- to 10-flowered, 0.5-2.5 cm long, terminating short lateral branches; pedicel 2-5 mm long; calyx campanulate, 2-lipped, 5-6 mm long, densely stellate tomentose, upper lip small and 3-dentate, lower lip 2-lobed; corolla tubular, 2-lipped, 10-13 mm long, pale blue or blue (seldom white), upper lip erect or recurved, 2-lobed, ovate, about 4 mm long, lower lip 3-lobed, about 7 mm long, with large concave middle lobe; 2 anterior stamens perfect, 7-8 mm long, ascending under the base of the upper lip, 2 posterior stamens reduced to hardly visible staminodes; pistil with deeply 4-partite ovary, style incurved, 1.5 cm long ending into 2 short, unequal branches with stigma. Fruit composed of 4 sub-globose to obovoid nutlets, about 2 mm long, glabrous and smooth.

Sandalwood oil, distilled from the heart wood and roots of the sandalwood tree, is one of the most valuable essential oils, valued by perfumers for its woody notes, providing a deep rich base note to perfumes and acting as a natural fixative. In addition to acting as a feed stock to produce the essential oil, the wood is also valued for carving, and furniture making. Rising demand and very high prices for both wood and essential oil, a slow growing tree which takes 30 to 60 years to give a crop.

Sandalwood oils come from a range of species, and while they all have similar uses, quality and characteristics vary between the oils of the different species. The key species used for distillation of essential oils are listed below, with East Indian Sandalwood oil and Australian Sandalwood oil dominating supplies to the market:

East Indian Sandalwood oil (Santalum album). The most well-known and oldest traded type of sandalwood, in use for thousands of years. Cultivation centered in India (it is native to the highlands of southern India and the Malayan Archipelago) with the center of production in India in Mysore. Its natural distribution extends down to Indonesia (particularly Timor), and it has been introduced into Australia and plantations established in the tropical northwestern areas an estimated 8, 000 ha with annual additions of around 1, 000 ha; more recently it has also been introduced into a number of the S Pacific Islands and plantations established (Fiji, Tonga, Vanuatu, New Caledonia);

Australian Sandalwood oil (Santalum spicatum, syn. Eucarya spicata). (Also referred to as West Australian Sandalwood oil). Native to the desert-like areas of SW Australia, close to Perth. Substantial plantations have also now been established around 15, 000 ha with annual additions of 1-2, 000 ha. A second sandalwood species, S. lanceolatum, is also found in Australia, principally in Queensland, NSW, and northwestern part of Western Australia, but is little used commercially

The genusLitseais predominant in tropical and subtropical regions of India, China, Taiwan, and Japan. The plant possesses medicinal properties and has been traditionally used for curing various gastro-intestinal ailments (e.g., diarrhea, stomachache, indigestion, and gastroenteritis) along with diabetes, edema, cold, arthritis, asthma, and traumatic injury. Besides its medicinal properties, Litseais known for its essential oil, which has protective action against several bacteria, possesses antioxidant and antiparasitic properties, exerts acute and genetic toxicity as well as cytotoxicity, and can even prevent several cancers. Here we summarize the ethnopharmacological properties, essentials oil, medicinal uses, and health benefits of an indigenous plant of northeast India, emphasizing the profound research to uplift the core and immense potential present in the conventional medicine of the country. This review is intended to provide insights into the gaps in our knowledge that need immediate focus on in-situ conservation strategies ofLitseadue to its non-domesticated and dioecious nature, which may be the most viable approach and intense research for the long-term benefits of society and local peoples. Litsea Cubeba is the botanical name for May Chang, a tree belonging to the Lauraceae family. It bears whitish-yellowish flowers that have a characteristic citrusy fragrance and fruits that resemble peppers. Litsea cubeba, or May Chang, is a tree that is native to the Southern region of China, as well as the tropical areas of Southeast Asia such as Indonesia and Taiwan, but varieties of the plant have also been found as far as Australia and South Africa. The tree is very popular in these areas and has been utilized for a variety of reasons for hundreds of years.

Amyris Essential Oil has a soft, resinous scent that is often used in perfumes as a base note. This oil is wonderful for relaxation, with a refreshing aroma that helps melt away stress and support a balanced, anxiety-free mind, particularly before sleep. When added to creams and diluted in a carrier oil, It can also be used in natural beauty products to help improve the appearance of fine lines and the texture of mature skin. It is a thick, pale yellow essential oil steam distilled from the wood of a tree native to Haiti and other tropical climates. Amyris is also sometimes called West Indian Sandalwood or Torchwood; however, its properties are different, and it is not botanically related to true Sandalwood oil.

Angelica Root Essential Oil also has a history of aromatherapy use towards combating stress, anxiety and exhaustion. The aroma of Root Oil to be pleasant. It is known for its use in perfumery and fragrance. It's woody and peppery aroma blends well with wood oils like Cedarwood, Juniper Berry Essential Oil, some of the spice oils, and blending it with Orange or Bergamot Essential Oils.

AngelicaEssential Oil is extracted from the roots and seeds through a process of steam distillation.

Originating from Africa and now native to northern and eastern Europe as well as parts of Asia, theAngelicaplant is a large, water-loving herb with small, white-green flowers. As the Black Plague swept through Europe, AngelicaEssential Oil was introduced by Royal Prescription as it was believed to be the antidote.

The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a medicine and fuel. The plant is sold in local markets for medicinal use. Artemisia herba-alba is a popular herbal treatment in N. Africa, where it is a remedy for all kinds of ailments. The plant is considered to be carminative, cholagogue, depurative, diuretic, emmenagogue, sedative, stomachic, tonic and vermifug. It is used in the treatment of conditions such as diabetes, coughs and colds, lung problems, diarrhoea, vomiting, flatulence, fever, measles, jaundice, poisoning, cardiac arrhythmia, and muscle weakness It is also used for treating parasitic infections such as roundworms, pinworms, tapeworms, hookworms, and flukes.

The bay tree is native to the Caribbean islands from where it is believed to have spread to other parts of the world. Bay held an important place in Ancient Rome and Greece as well, in their religion, culture, and in their medicines.

This is extracted by steam distillation of fresh leaves of the bay tree, whose scientific name is Laurus Nobilis.

However, science we are here to discuss the medicinal importance of this essential oil, we shall now see what treasures it holds for our health.

This is an evergreen tree which can grow up to 20 meters high with dark green, glossy leaves and black barriers. Bay was very popular with the Romans, who thought it was a symbol of wisdom, peace and protection. The latin Laudis means to praise, which is why the victors at the Olympic games were presented with a laurel wreath made of bay leaves.

Bay is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in regions with Mediterranean oceanic climates, and as a house plant of greenhouse plant in colder regions. It is used in topiary to create single erect steam with ball-shaped, box-shaped or twisted crowns; also, for low hedges. Together with a gold from, L. nobilis Aurea.

Bergamot scientific name is Citrus bergamia. Bergamot essential oil is light yellow-green in color. Its the most delicate of the citrus plants, requiring special climate and soil in order to thrive.

The bergamot tree can grow up to four meters high, with star-shaped flowers, and smooth leaves, bearing citrus fruit resembling but in a pear-shaped. The fruit ripens from green to yellow. The name bergamot is derived from the city Bergamo in Lombardy in Lombardy where the oil was first sold.

Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria, southern Italy. It is also grown in southern France and in cote dlviro for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade. The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. However, in Mauritius where it is grown on small-scale basis, it is largely used for juice consumption by the locals.

Betel leaf oil derived from betel leaf plant leaves that yield this aromatic essential oil. The heart-shaped leaves have distinct pleasant aroma and are commonly chewed alone or with other plant materials.

The betel which includes pepper and kava. Betel leaf is mostly consumed Asia, and elsewhere in the world by some Asian emigrants, as betel quid or in paan with Areca nut and/or .

In Sri Lanka and in many parts of India a sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Occasions includes, greeting elders at weeding ceremonies, New Year, offering payment to Ayurvedic physicians and astrologers where usually money and/or areca nut are kept on top of the sheaf of leaves and offered to the elders for their blessings.

The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in India farmers called barouj prepare a garden called a barouj in which to grow betel. the barouj is fenced with bamboo sticks and coconut leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 meters length, 75 centimeters in width and 75 centimeters depth. Oil cakes manure, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the topsoil of the furrows and wood ash. The cutting is planted at the beginning of the monsoon season.

Birch essential oil (Betula lenta) is a rare and hard to produce oil created from the steam distillation of the bark of the tree. Because of the challenge to sustainably, safely, and frequsently harvest, its difficult to find a quality supplier of this oil. Many companies offer birch only seasonal and in very limited quantities, or itll be diluted or of weaker potency.

The birch tree is a graceful tree about 25m high, which has a pyramidal shape while young. It has bright green leaves and a dark reddish-brown aromatic bark, which his broken into plates or patches.

Barked birches in particular are cultivated as ornamental trees, largely for their appearance in winter. The Himalayan birch, Betula utilis, especially the variety or subspecies Jacque montii, is among the most widely planted for this purpose. It has been cultivated since the 1870s, and many cultivars are available, including Doorenbos, Grays wood Ghost and silver shadow, knights hayes has a slightly weeping habit.

Orange Oils ability to naturally enhance immunity and reduce several symptoms of numerous ailments have lent it to traditional medicinal applications for the treatment of acne, chronic stress, and other health concerns.

Orange Oil is known to be beneficial for maintaining the health, appearance, and texture of skin by promoting clarity, radiance, and smoothness. In doing so, it reduces the signs of acne and other uncomfortable skin conditions.Its characteristic aroma denotes a special character for perfumes and cosmetics.

Orange oil enhances the sense of relaxation and contributes anti-bacterial and cleansing properties. When suffering from allergies the oil relieves a runny nose and cough, as its anti-inflammatory properties can benefit the bodys response to physical irritation. Its strong bitter aroma creates respiratory relief.

Black cumin seed oil has been used for health and wellness for thousands of years. In it, youll find vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids and even compounds that improves cell growth. Its been called a veritable fountain of youth.

Black cumin seeds come from a plant called Nigella sativa. The plant is sometimes called black caraway or fennel flower too, and its a totally different plant from the cumin that you normally cook with. That kind of cumin comes from Cuminum cyminum and is related to parsley.

Archaeological evidence about the earliest cultivation of N. sativa is still scanty, but N. sativa seeds were found in several sites from ancient Egypt, including Tutankhamuns tomb. Seeds were found in a Hittite flask in Turkey from the second millennium BCE.

Nigella sativa black-caraway, also known as nigella (or kalonji), often called black cumin, is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae, native to south and southwest Asia.

Nigella sativa grows to 20-30 cm (7.9-11.8 in) tall, with finely divided, linear (but not thread-like) leaves. The flower is delicate, and usually colored pale blue and white, with five to ten petals. The black caraway fruit is a large and inflated capsule composed of three to seven united follicles, each containing numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for black cumin.

M. cajuputiis one of the 10 species that together form theM. leucadendra(L.) (also often namedM. leucadendron) complex. Many early references toM. leucadendraorM. leucadendronyielding cajeput oil from Indonesia and Vietnam in fact refer toM. cajuputi. It is often difficult to distinguish species within the complex, especially in areas where they overlap, because distinctive characteristics also overlap. Within the complex, M. cajuputiis most closely related toM. viridifloraSol. ex Gaertner andM. quinquenervia(Cav.) S.T. Blake. Distinctive characteristics are:M. cajuputihas leaves with petiole 3-11 mm long, blade mostly longer than 5 cm and less than 2.5 cm wide, old leaves densely dotted with glands, rather thin in texture, with reticulations almost as prominent as the main veins and young shoots with spreading hairs.M. viridiflorahas leaves with petioles 1-2 cm long, blades wider than 2.5 cm, very thick, young shoots with appressed silky hairs.M. quinquenerviais likeM. cajuputibut its old leaves are not conspicuously dotted with glands, not thin-textured and have obscure reticulations. It is Evergreen shrub or usually single-stemmed tree up to 25(-40) m tall with an extensive root system, sometimes with aerial adventitious roots. Bark layered, fibrous and papery, grey to white. Crown fairly dense and wide, somewhat silvery in appearance; smaller branches and twigs slender but not drooping, young shoots densely silky hairy with spreading fine hairs up to 2 mm long.

M. cajuputiis a long-lived, moderately fast-growing tropical tree adapted to both waterlogged and well drained soils. On soils subject to prolonged waterlogging it develops aerial adventitious roots, which can form buttresses on the lower trunk. Like all melaleucas, it does not develop dormant buds and grows whenever conditions are favourable. After bush fires, it will regenerate by seed, coppicing and from root suckers.

In Ayurveda Acorus calamus is known as VACHA and publicly known as sweet flag or Bacha. This is a species of semiaquatic, perennial, aromatic herb with creeping rhizomes. The plant is found in the northern temperate and subtropical regions of Asia, North America, and Europe. The plant prefers swampy or marshy habitats. It is plentiful in the marshy tracts of Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, and Naga hills, and is regularly cultivated in Karnataka. The plant exhibits polyploidy and three karyotypes. The diploid karyotype (2n 24) grows in North America and in parts of Asia (Siberia); the triploid karyotype (3n 36) is present in Central Europe and Kashmir, India; the tetraploid karyotype (4n 48) is found in India, East Asia, and Japan. In India, the plant is found growing wild as well as cultivated up to an altitude of 2200m in the Himalayas.

The leaves of Acorus calamus have a lemony scent as well as the roots have a sweet fragrance. Acorus calamus has long been known for its medicinal value and has been cultivated in Asia for this reason. It is a perennial, semi-aquatic and smelly plant, found in both temperate and subtemperate zones. It is up to 6 feet tall, aromatic, sword-shaped leaves and small, yellow/green flowers with branched rhizome.

C. camphora is a designated noxious in north-eastern New South Wales and an important in south-east Queensland, Australia). It dominates the landscape in cleared or disturbed hillsides, valleys and watercourses approximately 100 years after it was extensively planted as an ornamental tree species, particularly on elevated krasnozem soils. C. camphora bears heavy fruit loads which are attractive to a number of bird species, which spread seed extensively, and seed have excellent viability in the first year. It forms single-dominant stands that dominates other vegetation and is a major economic pest to landholders, power authorities and local councils. It is spreading in other agricultural areas on the east coast of Australia, and there is potential for spread in other sub-tropical areas throughout the world.

Spices are an important bio-nutrients for both food ingredients and nutritional supplements. From ancient times, spices have been used as food additives to enhance the taste and be flavor of food. Apart from these uses, spices also have numerous medicinal properties and used to treat several disorders that form an important part of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (Indian System of Medicine). Spices have increasingly larger role to play in Indian recipes as the bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, antifertility, anti-helminthic and other medicinal properties and believed to aid digestion. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, more than a few spices and herbs have hold and possess several medicinal properties such as antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, eicosanoid inhibitor.

Caraway seeds from the plant Carum carvi are known as kmmel in German. They are crescent-shaped, long, and have five pale ridges. Caraway is more common in the German kitchen than cumin and is typically used whole, not ground. It has an anise-like flavor and aroma that is popular in breads (especially rye breads), cheeses, sauerkraut, and root vegetables. It also can be found in desserts, liquors, and as an ingredient in beauty products, folk medicine, and breath fresheners.

Cumin is sometimes confused with caraway. Cumin is hotter to the taste, lighter in color, and the seeds are larger than those of caraway. Cumin's distinctive flavor is strong and has a warm aroma due to its essential oil content.

Carrot Seed Essential Oil is derived from the dried seeds of the Daucus carota botanical, more commonly known as the Wild Carrot or Queen Annes Lace, as it is referred to in Europe. Carrot Seed Essential Oil is commonly mistaken for both Carrot Seed Carrier Oil and Carrot Carrier Oil. The former carrier oil is obtained by infusing a vegetable oil with cold-pressed Wild Carrot seeds, while the latter is the result of infusing a vegetable oil with macerated Wild Carrot or Carrot root then straining it. Thus, both are infused oils, though one is infused with the seeds and the other with the root. The essential oil, however, is commonly steam distilled from the seeds.

Carrot is the one of the major vegetable crops cultivated worldwide. The domesticated types are divided into two groups: the Eastern or Asian carrots (var. atrorubens), with mainly purple and yellow roots; and the Western carrots (var. sativus) with mainly orange roots. Carrots were thought to be domesticated in Afghanistan as the primary centre of diversity and they were spread over Europe, Asia and the Mediterranean area, and the origin of western cultivated carrots were thought to be in the Asia Minor Centre, primarily Turkey.

Carrot Seed Oil has found uses in traditional Chinese medicine, which applies it as a bath or massage oil to address muscle pain or as an effective treatment for intestinal ailments such as dysentery and worms. It is also traditionally used in the manufacturing of perfumes to contribute its woody nuance to scents that are Oriental and aldehydic. When used in other cosmetics, it is a traditional and popular moisturizing agent for all-purpose body lotions.

The genusCinnamomum(Laureaceae family) consists of 250 spices of trees and shrubs distributed in south-east Asia, China, and Australia. It is a small, evergreen tree, 1015m tall. The bark is widely employed as a spice, its leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, and 718cm long. The flowers, arranged in panicles, have a greenish color and have a rather disagreeable odor. The fruit is a purple 1cm berry containing a single seed. It is found in tropical rain forests, where it grows at various altitudes from highland slopes to lowland forests and occurs in both marshy places and on well-drained soils. However, in latitudes with seasonal climatic conditions, they become exceedingly rare. There are two main varieties of cinnamon namely the Ceylon or true cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) and cassia (Cinnamom aromaticum).C. zeylanicumis native to Sri Lanka and tropical Asia and exotic to several African countries, such as Comoros, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda.

Cassia cinnamon comes from the Cinnamomum cassia tree, also called Cinnamomum aromaticum. It originated in Southern China and is also known as Chinese cinnamon. However, there are several subspecies now widely grown across Eastern and Southern Asia. Cassia tends to be a dark brown-red color with thicker sticks and a rougher texture than Ceylon cinnamon. Cassia cinnamon is considered lower quality. It is very cheap and is the type most consumed around the world. Almost all cinnamon found in supermarkets is the cassia variety. Cassia has long been used in cooking and in traditional Chinese medicine. Roughly 95% of its oil is cinnamaldehyde, which gives cassia a very strong, spicy flavor.

Cedar trees in general have a long history of use for furniture and buildings as well as in various herbal remedies and aromatherapy preparations. According to the Old Testament, King Hiram of Tyre sent cedar wood from Lebanon to King Solomon for the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Cedar wood has also been used for centuries to line closets or make chests to protect clothing from moths. The fragrant wood was also used by Native Americans as well as the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans as an ingredient in incense blends.

Thujais a genus of coniferous trees in the Cupressaceae (cypress) family. There are five species in the genus, two natives to North America and three native to eastern Asia. The genus is monophyletic and sister toThujopsis. They are commonly known as arborvitaes (from Latin for tree of life) or Thujas; several species are widely known as cedar but, because they are not true cedars (Cedrus), it has been recommended to call them red-cedars or white-cedars.

Thuja occidentalis, commonly known as Arbor vitae or white cedar, is indigenous to eastern North America and is grown in Europe as an ornamental tree. The plant was first identified as a remedy by native Indians in Canada during a 16th century expedition and was found to prove effective in the treatment of weakness from scurvy. In folk medicine, Thuja occ has been used to treat bronchial catarrh, enuresis, cystitis, psoriasis, uterine carcinomas, amenorrhea and rheumatism. Today, it is mainly used in homeopathy as mother tincture or dilution. In combination with other immunomodulating plants, such as Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida and Baptisia tinctoria, this medicinal plant is also used as evidence-based phytotherapy for acute and chronic infections of the upper respiratory tract, and as an adjuvant to antibiotics in severe bacterial infections such as bronchitis, angina, pharyngitis, otitis media and sinusitis.

Apium graveolens, the botanical name of Ajamoda. This is also known as celery. It is annual or bionomical herbaceous plant. It is known to be the native of Mediterranean regions like Asia, Africa and Europe. It grows up to the height of 60 to 90 cm. the root system is of tap root system. Wild plants grow with fragrance and pinnately divided leaves. In other form, biennial form, plants have a basal rosette of leaves in primary years, later near summers, it florates in off white flowers in umbels. Umbels are with property of inflorescence. The flowers of the plants are so small with five petals of ovule shape within floured tips. The carpals of the flower are in semi trade sub pentagonal and filiform. The primary ridges of the carpals are very much distinct. The fruit of the plant is schizocarp (a dry fruit when ripe, splits into single seeded parts). These fruits are aromatic, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, with two mericarps, sub orbicular and ellipsoid. The color of the flowers are greyish brown. There is cross pollination found in this plant. Ajamoda is ancestor of two different kinds of crops.

Celery was first cultivated as a food plant in Europe, mainly in Italy and France. From here, the plant spreads to Sweden, Algeria, Egypt, and Ethiopia and then to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Central Region (Najd) is said to be the main geographical region of this plant in the KSA.

A. graveolens(Karafs) is being used as anthelmintic, antispasmodic, carminative, diuretic, laxative, sedative stimulants in the Arab traditional medicine.

Chamomile is a plant that has been used since ancient Egypt in a variety of healing applications. Chamomile is a native of the Old World; it is related to the daisy family, having strongly scented foliage and flowers with white petals and yellow centers. The name chamomile is derived from two Greek words that mean ground and apple, because chamomile leaves smell somewhat like apples, and because the plant grows close to the ground.

There are two varieties of chamomile commonly used in herbal preparations for internal use and foraromatherapy.One is called Roman chamomile(Anthemis nobilis), with contemporary sources in Belgium and southern England. Roman chamomile grows to a height of 9 in (23 cm) or less, and is frequently used as a ground cover along garden paths because of its pleasant apple scent. German chamomile(Matricaria recutita)is grown extensively in Germany, Hungary, and parts of the formerSoviet Union. German chamomile grows to a height of about 3 ft (1 m) and is the variety most commonly cultivated in theUnited States, where it is used medicinally.

Moroccan chamomile is a member of the tansy botanical family and is like German chamomile since day both produce a deep, ink-blue color when in the form of an essential oil. Out of the two varieties, Moroccan chamomile has the highest levels of chamazulene; however, there are some chamomiles that are not blue in color. They are appelled Moroccan chamomile because they are a variety of chamomile that is a grown in morocco. True Tanacetum annuum is blue and contains the highest levels of chamazulene; however, there is some concern with Tanacetum annuum, also called blue tansy oil.

The genusCinnamomum(Laureaceae family) consists of 250 spices of trees and shrubs distributed in south-east Asia, China, and Australia. It is a small, evergreen tree, 1015m tall. The bark is widely employed as a spice, its leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, and 718cm long. The flowers, arranged in panicles, have a greenish color and have a rather disagreeable odor. The fruit is a purple 1cm berry containing a single seed. It is found in tropical rain forests, where it grows at various altitudes from highland slopes to lowland forests and occurs in both marshy places and on well-drained soils. However, in latitudes with seasonal climatic conditions, they become exceedingly rare. There are two main varieties of cinnamon namely the Ceylon or true cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum) and cassia (Cinnamom aromaticum).C. zeylanicumis native to Sri Lanka and tropical Asia and exotic to several African countries, such as Comoros, Ghana, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The most importantcinnamonoils in word trade are those fromCinnamomumzeylanicum, Cinnamomum cassia, andCinnamomum camphora. The cinnamon essential oil composition varies depending on the geographical origin of the spice and the processing conditions. Likewise, it has been detected slight differences between the composition of volatile oils from buds, flowers, and fruits fromC. zeylanicum.Jayaprakasha etal. (2000)reported that the oil from buds contains higher amounts of mono and sesquiterpenes, and most characteristic compounds such as cinnamaldehyde are found in flowers and fruits and in lower amounts in buds

the genus cymbopogon belongs to the family poaceae, which is widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of africa, asia, and america. this genus is famous for its high content of essential oils, which have been used for cosmetics, pharmaceutics, and perfumery applications. cymbopogon nardus (l.) rendle, popularly known as citronella, native to ceylon is one of the cymbopogon species. the essential oil obtained from the leaves of cymbopogon nardus is commonly used as an insect repellent. many studies have shown the antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal activities of this oil. furthermore, a higher cytotoxic activity of cymbopogon nardus l. essential oils on human epidermic cell line hacat was demonstrated. thus, the essential oil of cymbopogon nardus could be quite suitable as an active component in pharmaceutical formulations for skin treatment and its damages repairing. moreover, cymbopogon essential oil can be used for the control of foodborne pathogenic bacteria in the food industry.

citronella oil comes from the asian grass plant known as cymbopogon nardus. its most commonly used as a natural fragrant oil, in insect repellents, as well as in beauty, household and perfume products. according to dozens of clinical studies, pure citronella oil is an antiseptic, antimicrobial and antifungal treatment. the most popular use for citronella is as a constituent in homemade or commercially sold insect repellents, since it naturally repels mosquitos and other bugs. the u.s. environmental protection agency considers citronella to be a biopesticide that has a nontoxic mode of action against insects.

One of the earliest known spices in trade, the dried, aromatic flower buds produced by this medium-sized tree are familiar to many of us as a common kitchen spice.

Clove contains several volatile oils, the most significant of which is eugenol that comprises up to 90% of the total oil produced. Eugenol has numerous medical and commercial applications and continues to be extracted primarily from clove buds, though it can also be extracted from the leaves of the clove tree and from some other plants, such as allspice (Pimenta dioica), in smaller quantities.

Clove was originally found only on the Maluku Islands of Indonesia, but in the 17th century fierce competition between warring European nations that sought control of the spice trade eventually led to clove trees being transported all over the world for cultivation.

The historical importance of clove in international trade means it is now grown in numerous locations throughout the tropics including Indonesia, Zanzibar, Madagascar, Sri Lanka and parts of the Caribbean. More recently, clove production has begun in the Brazilian state of Bahia. Clove grows best on tropical mountain slopes at lower elevations as part of a mixed forest. Many of the islands to which they are native are volcanic.

Saussurea costus(Falc.) Lipschitz, synSaussurea lappaC.B. Clarke, one of the best-known species within this genus, is commonly known as costus. Due to the remarkable biological activity ofS. costusand its constituents it will have an appropriate place in various systems of medicines all over the globe. It grows on the moist slopes of the Himalayas at altitudes of 8000-12000 feet in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Lahul Spiti, etc. It both grows wild and is cultivated. The roots have a long history of medicinal and aesthetic use in Tibet, India and other mountain regions.It was a prized item of commerce from the earliest times as the roots were reputed not only to have great curative properties but also wonderful aromatic qualities much prized in perfume creations of the ancient world. It not only was appreciated as an oil but as a prime ingredient in incense. In Ayurveda the name Kushta refers to an ancient Vedic plant god mentioned in the Atharvaveda as a remedy for takman, the archetypal disease of excess or jvara (fever). In ancient India Kushta was a divine plant derived from heavenly sources, growing high in the Himalayas, considered to be the brother of the divine Soma. In Ayurveda Kushta is a rasayana for Vata, helping to normalize and strengthen digestion, cleanse the body of toxic accumulations, enhance fertility, and reduce pain.

The genusSaussureaDC. of the family Asteraceae comprises about 300 species in the world of which about 61 species exist in India.Saussurea costushas become an important drug in the international market as well as Indian systems of medicine. It is used either as a single drug or in combination with other drugs. In India, this is endemic in the sub alpine region of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand from altitudes of 32003800 m.

Spices are an important bio-nutrients for both food ingredients and nutritional supplements. From ancient times, spices have been used as food additives to enhance the taste and be flavor of food. Apart from these uses, spices also have numerous medicinal properties and used to treat several disorders that form an important part of the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia (Indian System of Medicine). Spices have increasingly larger role to play in Indian recipes as the bactericidal, bacteriostatic, fungistatic, antifertility, anti-helminthic and other medicinal properties and also believed to aid digestion. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, more than a few spices and herbs have hold and possess several medicinal properties such as antithrombotic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-aggregatory, eicosanoid inhibitor.1 Cumin is popular as culinary spice and used in folklore therapy because the presence of aromatic substances in the herb. Cumin comes under the category of traditional spice from middle ages. It was too much popular, because of its peppery flavor. During the middle ages in Europe, cumin became as an icon of love and fidelity and also some people wants to carry cumin in their pockets to give in wedding ceremonies. Cumin is a small hairy, brownish in color, boat shaped seed plant that have a spicy sweet aroma property and powerful slightly bitter and pungent flavor.

Cumin seeds are obtained from the herbCuminum cyminum, native from East Mediterranean to South Asia belonging to the family Apiaceaea member of the parsley family. Cumin seeds are oblong and yellowgrey. Cumin seeds are liberally used in several cuisines of many different food cultures since ancient times, in both whole and ground forms. In India, cumin seeds have been used for thousands of years as a traditional ingredient of innumerable dishes including kormas and soups and also form an ingredient of several other spice blends. Besides food use, it has also many applications in traditional medicine. In the Ayurvedic system of medicine in India, cumin seeds have immense medicinal value, particularly for digestive disorders. They are used in chronic diarrhea and dyspepsia.

Cupressus sempervirens is a tree that grows up to 30 m tall. The leaves are 0.5 to 1 mm, dark green and obtuse. The male cones are 4 to 8 mm, the female are 25 to 40 mm. They are elliptical-oblong (rarely globose), green when young and shining yellowish-gray when ripe, with 8 to 14 short and obtusely spiked scales. There are 8 to 20 seeds on each scale. Cupressus sempervirens, also known as the Mediterranean cypress or Italian cypress, is native to the eastern Mediterranean region, North America and subtropical Asia at higher altitudes. Literature survey regarding its pharmacology revealed thatCupressus sempervirenshas antiseptic, aromatherapeutic, astringent, balsamic or anti-inflammatory, antispasmodic, astringent, antiseptic, deodorant and diuretic activities. Literature survey regarding chemistry showed that monoterpenes, diterpenes, flavonoid glycoside and biflavonoid compounds are found in this species. The present review aims to highlight the chemistry, traditional uses and biological activities of theCupressus sempervirensplant.

Cyperus scariosus is a small grass-like herb with angular soft stem and underground rhizomatous tubers. The plant is a glabrous herb. Stolons are slender, 0.8-5.0cm by 0.25cm, clothed by elliptic, acute, lax striate concolorous scales 1/8inch long, stem 40-90cm long, slender, triquetrous at top 1/24-1/16inch in diameter, leaves are variable, usually short (less than 1/3 stem), narrow, weak, and umbels are slender, contracted, rays slender sometimes up to 3inch long, and bracts are nearly always as the leaves i.e. hardly any when leaves short, exceeding inflorescence when leaves longish, and spikelets are linear pale straw-colour (Figure I) and rhizome are very short, woody, stolons, lateral shoots from base of stem immediately ascending, glumes scarcely imbricate in fruit. The rhizome of this plant contains an amber or light brown viscous essential oil. Cyperus, also known as Nagarmotha in Hindi, belongs to the family of Cyperaceae. Cypriol Oil is obtained by the steam distillation of dried roots ofCyperus scariosus. The oil is a mildly viscous liquid, with a dark brownish to brownish red colour. Its odour is woody and deep, with smoky notes of leather. Cyprene is its major component. The oil is mainly used in perfumery formulations

The genus nameAnethumis derived from Greek word aneeson or aneeton, which means strong smelling. Its common use in Ayurvedic medicine is in abdominal discomfort, colic and for promoting digestion. Ayurvedic properties of shatapushpa are katu tikta rasa, usna virya, katu vipaka, laghu, tiksna and snigdha gunas. It cures vata, kapha, ulcers, abdominal pains, eye diseases and uterine pains.

Anethum sowaL. (Bengali-Shulfa) belonging to the familyApiaceae(Umbelliferae), comes under genusAnethumand it is an annual and winter spice crop in Bangladesh. It is mostly grown in the northern part of Bangladesh. A variant called Indian dill or sowa (Anethum sowaRoxb.) is largely cultivated in Bangladesh, India, Egypt and Japan. Indigenous people consume it as a spice for a flavoring agent in food preparation. The herb grows ordinarily 22.5ft. in height with small feathery leaves, tapped and branched roots. The chemical composition of the essential oil of the two chemotypes i.e. European dill (Anethum graveolensL.) and Indian dill (Anethum sowaL.) are differentiated mainly by the apiol and carvone content.Anethum sowais rich in apiol whereasAnethum graveolensis rich in carvone. The typical flavor of dill herb oil is due to -phellandrene, limonene and dill ether (anethofuran). The green herb, seeds and its roots are used as folkloric medicine e.g. aromatic, carminative especially useful in the treatment of flatulence, colic and hiccups of infants and children. Recently, it has been reported that seed essential oils are the potential source of antioxidant and also have antimicrobial and antispasmodic properties

Eucalyptus, (genusEucalyptus), largegenusof more than 660speciesof shrubs and tall trees of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native toAustralia, Tasmania, and nearby islands. In Australia the eucalypti are commonly known as gum trees or stringybark trees. Many species arecultivatedwidely throughout the temperate regions of the world as shade trees or in forestry plantations. Economically, eucalyptus treesconstituteone of the most valuable groups within the orderMyrtales.

The eucalypti grow rapidly, and many species attain great height. Thegiant gum tree, or mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans), of Victoria and Tasmania, is one of the largest species and attains a height of about 90 metres (300 feet) and a circumference of 7.5 metres (24.5 feet). Many species continually shed the dead outermost layer ofbarkin flakes or ribbons, whereas certain other species have thick textured bark. Theleavesare leathery and often hang obliquely or vertically; most species areevergreen. Theflowerpetals cohere to form a cap when the flower expands. The capsulefruitis surrounded by a woody cup-shaped receptacle and contains numerous minuteseeds. Possibly the largest fruitsfrom 5 to 6 cm (2 to 2.5 inches) in diameterare borne bymottlecah, or silverleaf eucalyptus (E. macrocarpa).

Foeniculum vulgare, called common fennel, is an upright, branching perennial that is typically grown in vegetable and herb gardens for its anise-flavored foliage and seeds, both of which are commonly harvested for use in cooking. It somewhat resembles a very large dill plant. It grows to 3-5 (less frequently to 6) tall and features feathery, compound, aromatic, yellow-green leaves with needle-like segments and tiny yellow flowers in large, flattened, compound umbels. Flowers bloom in mid- to late summer, and are followed by aromatic seeds. Plants have escaped gardens and naturalized in many parts of North America. Flowers are very attractive to butterflies. Fennel is a larval plant for certain swallowtail butterflies.

Foeniculum vulgareMill. is a biennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the family Apiaceae (Umbelliferaceae). It is a hardy, perennialumbelliferous herb with yellow flowers and feathery leaves. It grows to a height of up to 2.5m with hollow stems. The leaves grow up to 40cm long; they are finely dissected with the ultimate segmentsfiliform(thread like) of about 0.5mm wide. The flowers are produced in terminal compound umbels. The fruit is a dry seed 410mm long. It is generally considered indigenous to the shores of Mediterranean Sea but has become widely naturalized in many parts of the world especially on dry soils near the sea coast and on the river banks. Some authors distinguish two sub-species of fennel, piperitumandvulgare: sub-speciespiperitumhas bitter seeds, while sub-speciesvulgarehas sweet seeds which are used as flavoring agents in baked goods, meat and fish dishes, ice creams, alcoholic beverages etc, due to their characteristic anise odor. Morphological differences between these

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual forage legume and a traditional spice and aromatic crop that has been grown for centuries across the Indian subcontinent. In addition to South Asia, the crop is also grown in some parts of North Africa, Middle East, Mediterranean Europe, China, South East (SE) Asia, Australia, the USA, Argentina and Canada.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is a leguminous herb which belongs to the family Fabaceae. The plant seeds are used in Asia, Africa, and Mediterranean countries as one of the ingredients in daily diets and in some domains such as medicine, nutrition, beverages, fragrances, cosmetics, or industrial purposes. The pharmacological effects of fenugreek are antimicrobial, anticholesterolemic, carminative, febrifuge, laxative, restorative, uterine tonic, expectoral, galactogogue, anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, hypotensive, etc.

Ginger is widely used as spice, and it has its origins in India. It is a medicinal plant in folk and traditional medicines. The spice is very common in India (it is known as adrak in Hindi) and China and is now used all over the world. It forms an integral part of many Asian cuisines due to its digestive properties. It is especially helpful in digesting food items such as meat and poultry, and it is frequently added to recipes for cooking meat as it softens the meat considerably, making it easier to digest. Ginger root and ginger oil are also used as preservative and flavoring agents. The antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, immunomodulatory, relaxant, and warming effects of ginger oil have been confirmed in experimental and preclinical studies.

Ginger is a plant used in traditional medicine against different diseases because of its various properties (antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, etc.). Ginger is generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Numerous studies have been carried out to characterize and isolate its main bioactive compounds to elucidate the mechanisms of its antimicrobial activity against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms in foods. Results indicate that ginger contains monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolic compounds, and its derivatives, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, which provide a broad antimicrobial spectrum against different microorganisms and make it an interesting alternative to synthetic antimicrobials. However, its application in foods has been scarcely explored and represents an opportunity area for further research.

The family Geraniaceae contains three genera: Geranium, Erodium, and Pelargonium. The names, derived from the three Greek words meaning crane, heron, and stork, refer to the resemblance of the seed case to the slender bills of these three birds. Pelargonium species originate in South Africa and different species are found in distinct habitats. The Pelargonium species related to the Geranium oil-producing cultivars are mainly located in the Cape area.

 

Pelargonium plants are comprised of a myriad of hybrids and cultivars. They are bushy perennial shrubs possessing hairy, jagged leaves and clusters of small, pink striped flowers. The plant grows best in a warm temperate climate with plenty of sunshine for maximum oil development. It is sensitive to cold weather and frost averse. Glands located widely over the surface of the leaves and the green parts of the plant produce an aromatic volatile oil. Variations in the aromatic compounds of different cultivars results in diverse aromatic profiles for the different types of geranium essential oils available, that is, rose geranium, geranium or rose geranium bourbon. This is a key component of the surprise and delight inherent in plant-based aromas.

Myrtus communis is an evergreen, hermaphrodite (flowers have both male and female organs) shrub. The leaves are aromatic, balsamic. Recent studies revealed the presence of substance with antibiotic action. Myrtus communis plant is taken internally in the treatment of urinary infections, digestive problems, vaginal discharge, bronchial congestion, sinusitis and dry coughs. In India it is used to treat cerebral affections, particularly epilepsy.

Green Myrte oil gives freshness and relaxation. It is extracted by steam distillation of leaves and twigs of Myrtus communis. It is basic resident of Australia.Green Myrte oil is prominently known for keeping up oral hygiene and strengthens respiratory system.

We provide a fine quality Green Myrte oil that relaxes mind and provide our consumer with sound sleep when they shuttle between busy schedules.

Bulnesia Sarmientoi Lorentz EX are native of South America. Trees are small and slow-growing having dense crown. The leaves are compound, broadly oval and rounded at tip. Resin obtained from tree is used for flavouring cakes and chewing gum. It is also added to edible oils to prevent acidification. The resin has medicinal properties and can treat chronic rheumatism, skin diseases, scrofula, dysmenorrhea and toothache. The wood is hard, close-grained, tough, dense, and durable.

Guaiac wood has diuretic properties which aid body to get rid of excess water. Its anti-oxidant contents maintain healthy body cells by preventing skin damage. This property makes its wide range of applications in skin care. We prepare the purest form of Guaiac wood oil by process of steam distillation of healthy wood obtained from best grown healthy trees.

Hyssopus officinalis L is a perennial plant, native to the Mediterranean region and was considered a holy plant in biblical times. During the time of the Romans, this herb was used against the plague, as a disinfectant and for treatment of minor infections. The plant grows up to 2 feet high and has a hairy stem with small pointy leaves and blue, purple or white flowers.

The mild and gentle Hyssop essential oil is extracted by steam distillation of leaves and flowers of Hyssopus officinalis L. flowers look similar to lavender and are staple folk medicine in European countries and Slovenia.

Jasmine essential oil lies in the luxurious oil category which is rare to find. It possesses a sweet and soothing aroma which is retrieved from the fresh white jasmine flowers. The precisely extracted oil has various application areas.

In cosmetic and perfume sectors, manufacturers use it to add magnetizing fragrance to the soaps and shampoos. Jasmine has a wide scope to be used to add fascinating aroma to the products. Along with that, it also has plenty of therapeutic benefits in the medical industry. This makes it the best essential oils range for calming the mind and treating depression. It not only aids to uplifts the spirits but also combats with the negative effects of anxiety. Over the years, jasmine oil has been used as a complete remedy to fight against low libido and insomnia.

Juniper berry essential oil is the abstract of fresh & dried berries and leaves of Juniperus plant species. These plants are well-known as the powerful immunity booster and detoxifier. These attributes make the essential oils more effective.

The colours of the berries differ in various species; in some, they are red-brown or orange but in most they are blue. Each juniper berry contains a resin (10 per cent), an essential oil (juniper berry oil, 0.5-2 per cent) with pinene and borneol, inositol, a flavonoid glycoside and a bitter compound (juniperin) which make it a rich source of aroma. Usually, the male and female flowers grow on different trees and only trees with female flowers bear fruit. The seed maturation time varies between species from6-18 months after pollination. The juniper berry takes two or three years to ripen, so that blue and green berries occur on the same plant. Only blue ripe berries are hand-picked and steam distilled to obtain juniper berry essential oil.

We produce pure and fine quality Juniper berry essential oil by the process of steam distillation of high-quality Juniper berries.

Lemon natural blend essential oil is retrieved from the organic lemon extracts that are carefully cold-pressed under suitable temperature. Due to the strong citrus present in lemons, this oil smells fresh, sweet and citrus. Lemon essential oil has various advantageous as it reduces bad odors by infusing its fresh lemon-drop to the home.

Lemongrass has long leaves that are cut and steam-distilled to produce lemongrass essential oil. Lemongrass oil is concentrated by preserving the quality and purity. Owing to the strong aroma, it is recognized as the best remedy for aromatherapy. People externally use it to kill bacteria. Aches reduction and helps in digestion extends the points of its benefits.

Nelumbo nuciferais commonly called sacred lotus about the sacred and symbolic status the flower holds in Buddhism and Hinduism. It is native to Asia and Australia. It is a large-flowered lotus that typically grows 3-6 tall in shallow water and spreads by thickened rhizomes rooted in the mud. This is a marginal aquatic perennial that features rounded, parasol-like, upward-cupped, waxy green leaves (to 2 across) that appear above the water on long petioles which attach at the middle of the leaf underside (peltate). Large, cupped, fragrant, pink or white flowers (8-12 diameter) appear in summer on stiff stems above the foliage. Each flower blooms for about three days, opening in the morning and closing at night each day. Flowers are followed by nut-like fruits that are imbedded in the flat surface of a turbinate (inversely conical) receptacle (2-3 diameter) which resembles the shape of a watering can rose. Receptacles acquire a woody texture when dried (suggestive of wasps nests) and are highly prized for dried flower arrangements. The rhizomes, leaves and seeds of lotus are edible and are sometimes used in Asian cooking.

Lotus essential oil is extracted from the petals of lotus flower by precisely using steam distillation method. Due to the high-quality and longer shelf life, we have become the prominent manufacturer and exporter of Lotus oil in the industry. In our small bottles, one can find the way to live naturally and also without diseases. As the authentic name in the market, we make sure that not even a single individual get deprived of such natural and 100% pure health enhancement remedies.

Myristica fragransis commonly named nutmeg or mace. It is an aromatic evergreen tree with spreading branches and a yellow fleshy fruit similar in appearance to an apricot or peach. The nutmeg fruit is pendulous and similar in presentation to a peach. When fully mature, it splits in two, exposing a crimson-colored aril. This is the mace which surrounds the nutmeg pit. Mace is a vibrant red-colored seed husk covering (aril).

Myristica fragrans is a small evergreen tree, usually 513 m (1643 ft) tall, but occasionally reaching 20 m (66 ft). The alternately arranged leaves are dark green, 515 cm (2.05.9 in) long by 27 cm (0.82.8 in) wide with petioles about 1 cm (0.4 in) long.

Nutmeg seed is encased in a mottled yellow, edible fruit which is in the approximate size and shape of a small peach. The fruit depicts a net-like, bright red covering over the seed when splited in to half. The aril is collected, dried and sold as mace. Under the aril is a dark shiny nut-like pit, and inside it is an oval shaped seed which is called the nutmeg. Nutmegs are usually sold without the mace.

Until the mid-19th century, the small island group of the Banda Islands, which are also known under the name "Spice Islands, " was the only location of the production of the spices nutmeg and mace in the world. The Banda Islands are situated in the eastern part of Indonesia, in the province of Maluku. They consist of eleven small volcanic islands, called Neira, Gunung Api, Banda Besar, Rhun, Ai, Hatta, Syahrir, Karaka, Manukan, Nailaka and Batu Kapal, with a total approximate land area of 8, 150 hectares.

Nutmeg is a delicate, slightly sweet spice that is widely used in cuisines around the world. The tree is also highly valued because of the essential oils derived from the tree and leaves, and nutmeg butter is also a popular derivative food that packs a healthy punch. The essential oils from nutmeg steam extract are highly beneficial to health and are frequently used in alternative and herbal medicine.

Palmarosa is one of natures star upholders of skin health. Because of this, palmarosa often finds a place in our skin care routines, for both our faces and bodies. The name palmarosa was given to this unique therapeutic plant because its fragrance is similar to that of rose oil. In the historical times, the Turks and Indians combined palmarosa essential oil with rose oil. While palmarosa pure essential oil has numerous therapeutic uses, it is more frequently used for cosmetic or rose solutions due to its moisturizing properties.

Cymbopogon martini is an evergreen, tufted, aromatic grass with numerous erect culms arising from a short, stout, woody rhizome. The stems are up to 3 metres tall. The plant has been gathered from the wild since antiquity, and this method still produces an important portion of the essential oil. However, the plant has also been cultivated since the beginning of the 20th Century and is now grown in several areas of the tropics. Palmarosa oil has gradually lost importance in the world market, being replaced by low-cost synthetic or natural geraniol. The natural oil is still preferred in high quality perfumes, however, especially in the Middle East.