Allium sativum, known as garlic, is a strongly aromatic bulb crop believed to originate from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Western China. A. sativumwas domesticated long ago and is mentioned in ancient Egyptian, Greek, Indian, and Chinese writings. Garlic grows in temperate and tropical regions all over the world, and many cultivars have been developed to suit different climates. A. sativumis the most widely consumed bulb after onion.

Allium sativum is divided into two subspecies, A. sativum var. sativum, also known as softneck garlic, and Allium sativum var. ophioscorodon, also known as hardneck garlic. Both varieties are composed of an underground bulb made up of cloves, which are prophylls enclosed by dry membranous skins and held together by a basal plate. The variations differ in that hard neck garlics bulb is composed of six to eleven cloves, circled around a centralized woody stalk. This variety of garlic has a scape that curls at the top, but it is generally removed after it curls one to three times. This is because if it continues to grow, less energy can be utilized towards the bulb. Eventually, the scape would give rise to bulbils, containing miniature cloves. The bulbils are occasionally accompanied by white or light purple flowers, although these are sterile. Softneck garlic does not have a flowering top and contains up to twenty-four cloves per bulb.

Garlic has been traditionally used to treat a wide variety of ailments, including bacterial and fungal infections, intestinal worm infestations, wounds, diarrhea, rheumatism, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases (thrombosis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia), metabolic disorders and others. Today, this plant is included in traditional medicine in most cultures. Garlic, available in various formulations for medicinal purposes has also been used to relieve symptoms caused by cancer and benign prostatic hypertrophy. However, in all the applications listed, clinical evidence in support of these uses is very weak or is absent. Popularly is also used or has been used in the past as mosquito repellent, anti-catarrhal, for hoarseness and as a sedative for cough. Topical application of garlic is used traditionally to treat skin warts.

camellia oleifera, commonly called tea-oil camellia, is an evergreen shrub that typically grows 10-20' tall and features elliptic to obovate, serrate, glossy dark green leaves (to 3" long). fragrant white flowers (2" diameter) bloom october to january in warm winter climates of the deep south. in the st. louis area, it is expected that the plants may bloom in early spring. native to china where it is cultivated for the oil derived from its seeds which is used in cooking.

the genus camellia (theaceae) is native to east asia and comprises more than 200 woody evergreen species. some species possess great economic value, particularly c. sinensis, c. japonica, and c. oleifera. c. sinensis is grown commercially mainly in tropical and subtropical regions for tea products; c. japonica is cultivated in temperate regions worldwide as ornamentals and its oil has a long history of traditional cosmetic usage in japan as a protectant to maintain the health of skin and hair, while c. oleifera is planted mainly in china for high quality vegetable oil production. c. oleifera abel, also known as oil-tea camellia, an evergreen shrub or small tree in camellia family, is one of the famous four woody oil plants (other three woody oil plants are oil olive, oil palm, and oil coconut). it can grow on barren land without fertilizers, start bearing fruits eight years after initial planting, and remain highly productive for 80 years. c. oleifera seed is mainly used for the production of edible oils, such as camellia oil, tea seed oil, or oil-tea camellia seed oil in china. camellia oil has much chemical composition in common with olive oil, with high amounts of oleic acid and linoleic acid and low saturated fats, and is often titled eastern olive oil. camellia oil was not only extensively used for cooking, but it has been used in traditional chinese medicine and in cosmetics as well. in chinese herbal medicine, it was considered as a superior nutritional dietary supplement that benefits the digestive system, reduces blood cholesterol, regulates the nervous system, and strengthens the immune system. it was traditionally applied as a medicine for burning injury and new-born baby lotion in some place in china. modern medicinal research confirmed that camellia oil could decrease blood cholesterol content, provide resistance to oxidative stress, protect liver against carbon tetrachloride toxicity, and so forth. camellia oil was recommended by the food and agriculture organization of the united nations as a high-quality, healthy vegetable oil because of its nutritional value and excellent storage qualities.

Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae, the mustard family of flowering plants (order Brassicales), composed of 338 genera and some 3, 700 species. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans, especially those of the genus Brassica, which includes cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, turnip, and rutabaga. Other important agricultural crops in the family include horseradish, radish, and white mustard. A number of speciessuch as basket-of-gold, candytuft, and honestyare grown as ornamentals, and some members of the family are considered invasive species in regions outside their native range.

Several regions in western and central Asia have been assumed to be the centre of origin ofBrassica juncea. Brown mustard has been cultivated in Asia and Europe for thousands of years for its leaves and seeds. Presently, vegetable types ofBrassica junceaare cultivated throughout southern and eastern Asia. Variation is greatest in China.

In Asia, Europe and America, Brassica junceais grown mainly for its seed used in the fabrication of brown mustard or for the extraction of vegetable oil. It has been introduced for this purpose locally in Africa, e.g. in the Mascarene Islands. In much of EuropeBrassica junceahas replacedBrassica nigraas the main source of commercial mustard seed. Its mustard is spicier than the yellow type made fromBrassica nigra. Mustard oil is one of the major edible oils in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, appreciated for its special taste and pungency. In adjacent parts of the former Soviet Union it is used as a substitute for olive oil. In Western countries its use as edible oil is restricted because of the high erucic acid content. The oil is also used as hair oil and as lubricant. The oil of cultivars bred for extra high erucic acid content is used for industrial purposes. A peculiar use of mustard oil is to retard the fermentation process when making cider from apples. The seeds are also used in birdseed mixtures. The remaining seed meal is high in protein, but the high glucosinolate content makes it unacceptable for human or for monogastric-animal consumption.

Brown mustard is reported to have anodyne, aperient, diuretic, emetic and rubefacient properties. It is a folk remedy for arthritis, foot ache, lumbago and rheumatism. In China the seed is used as medicine against tumours. Ingestion may impart a body odour repellent to mosquitoes. Leaves applied to the forehead are said to relieve headache

Jojoba; Goatnut (Simmondsia chinensis) is a common native shrub that grows in Southern and Central California, primarily in the Peninsular Range and Sonoran Desert regions. It is moderately fast growing and long-lived. It grows in a rounded form to a height of 7 feet, with active growth during the summer and fall. Flowers are yellow and bloom in the late spring. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants, the "goatnut" fruits only being found on female plants with male plants nearby. Leaves are medium green, and remain on the plant throughout the year. It tends to grow in rocky and sandy soils, at elevations from 0-4900 feet.

Unlike vegetable oils and animal fats, jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) oil is not a triglyceride but a mixture of long chain esters (9798%) of fatty acids and fatty alcohols, and therefore is more properly referred to as a wax; however, jojoba oil-wax is the term in general use. Jojoba seeds contain about 50% of liquid wax which is mainly used in cosmetic preparations, not only acting as a humectant, but creating a protective film over the skin that keeps in moisture. Jojoba oil-wax provides a broad spectrum of fatty acids (such as oleic, linoleic and arachidonic), as well as triglycerides which have good compatibility with the natural sebum in the human skin.

Oleaceae family or the family of dicotyledons includes 30 genera of deciduous trees and shrubs including olive tree and its relatives numbering about 600 species. The family is divided into several tribes, that is, Fontanesieae, Forsythieae, Jasmineae, Myxopyreae, and Oleeae. These are mostly native of all continents except the Antarctic, including tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions of the world. Oleaceae is best grown in Asia and Malaysia especially tropical and temperate regions of Asia.

Olives are not used as a natural fruit because of their extremely bitter taste but are rather consumed either as olive oil or table olives. Olive oil market is very significant in the olive industry as approximately 90% of annually produced olives go for oil processing. Table olives and olive oil are very much important in industrial sectors of Palestine, Israel, Spain, and other Mediterranean areas. Spain is the largest producer of olives followed by Italy and Greece. These three countries are producing 60% of the worlds total olive production. Outside these, United States and Argentina are the major producers of olive.

O. europaea has a number of traditional and contemporary uses in medicine. O. europaea is extensively used in traditional medicine for a wide range of ailments in various countries. Its bark, fruits, leaves, wood, seeds

Bergamot scientific name is Citrus bergamia. Bergamot essential oil is light yellow-green in color. It’s the most delicate of the citrus plants, requiring special climate and soil in order to thrive. 

The bergamot tree can grow up to four meters high, with star-shaped flowers, and smooth leaves, bearing citrus fruit resembling but in a pear-shaped. The fruit ripens from green to yellow. The name bergamot is derived from the city Bergamo in Lombardy in Lombardy where the oil was first sold.   

Citrus bergamot is commercially grown in southern Calabria, southern Italy. It is also grown in southern France and in cote d’lviro for the essential oil and in Antalya in southern Turkey for its marmalade. The fruit is not generally grown for juice consumption. However, in Mauritius where it is grown on small-scale basis, it is largely used for juice consumption by the locals. 

Brassicaceae, formerly Cruciferae, the mustard family of flowering plants (order Brassicales), composed of 338 genera and some 3, 700 species. The family includes many plants of economic importance that have been extensively altered and domesticated by humans, especially those of the genus Brassica, which includes cabbage, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, napa cabbage, turnip, and rutabaga. Other important agricultural crops in the family include horseradish, radish, and white mustard. A number of species—such as basket-of-gold, candytuft, and honesty—are grown as ornamentals, and some members of the family are considered invasive species in regions outside their native range.

Brassica is the second largest oilseed crop after soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in world oilseed production (FAO, 2010; Raymer, 2002). Of the 37 species in the Brassica genus, the 4 most widely cultivated species for oilseed and vegetables are Brassica rapa L., B. juncea (L.) Czern. &Cosson, B. napus L., and B. carinata A. Braun. (Raymer, 2002; Rakow, 2004; Sovero, 1993). Oleiferous brassicas are generally derived from two species, B. napus L. and B. campestris L. (syn. B. rapa L.) B. campestris is also referred to by such names as toria, sarson, summer turnip rape, and Polish rape. Similarly, different names are also given to B. napus such as Argentine rape, Swede rape, and colza (Gupta and Pratap, 2007; Kalia and Gupta, 1997). All rapeseed-contributing cultivated Brassica spp. are highly polymorphic including oilseed crops, root crops, and vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, broccoli, and Brussels sprouts. However, a few of them are cultivated as salad, vegetable, and condiment crops as well.

Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), commonly known as castor oil plant, is a soft wooden small tree developed throughout tropics and warm temperature regions. This plant is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India but is widespread throughout tropical regions and is widely used as an ornamental plant. The plant is known to display antimicrobial activity and has been used to treat several ailments. Its leaf, root, and seed oil are used in inflammation treatment, liver disorders, hypoglycemic, and as a laxative. In Tunisia, the plant is used as a contraceptive. The plant is also used in African folk medicine in the treatment of warts, cold tumors, and indurations of mammary glands, corns, and moles. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the plant was demonstrated.

Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), commonly known as castor oil plant, is a soft wooden small tree developed throughout tropics and warm temperature regions. This plant is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India but is widespread throughout tropical regions and is widely used as an ornamental plant. The plant is known to display antimicrobial activity and has been used to treat several ailments. Its leaf, root, and seed oil are used in inflammation treatment, liver disorders, hypoglycemic, and as a laxative. In Tunisia, the plant is used as a contraceptive. The plant is also used in African folk medicine in the treatment of warts, cold tumors, and indurations of mammary glands, corns, and moles. The anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities of the plant was demonstrated.

M. cajuputi is one of the 10 species that together form the M. leucadendra (L.) (also often named M. leucadendron ) complex. Many early references to M. leucadendra or M. leucadendron yielding cajeput oil from Indonesia and Vietnam in fact refer to M. cajuputi . It is often difficult to distinguish species within the complex, especially in areas where they overlap, because distinctive characteristics also overlap. Within the complex, M. cajuputi is most closely related to M. viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertner and M. quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake. Distinctive characteristics are: M. cajuputi has leaves with petiole 3-11 mm long, blade mostly longer than 5 cm and less than 2.5 cm wide, old leaves densely dotted with glands, rather thin in texture, with reticulations almost as prominent as the main veins and young shoots with spreading hairs. M. viridiflora has leaves with petioles 1-2 cm long, blades wider than 2.5 cm, very thick, young shoots with appressed silky hairs. M. quinquenervia is like M. cajuputi but its old leaves are not conspicuously dotted with glands, not thin-textured and have obscure reticulations. It is Evergreen shrub or usually single-stemmed tree up to 25(-40) m tall with an extensive root system, sometimes with aerial adventitious roots. Bark layered, fibrous and papery, grey to white. Crown fairly dense and wide, somewhat silvery in appearance; smaller branches and twigs slender but not drooping, young shoots densely silky hairy with spreading fine hairs up to 2 mm long. 

M. cajuputi is a long-lived, moderately fast-growing tropical tree adapted to both waterlogged and well drained soils. On soils subject to prolonged waterlogging it develops aerial adventitious roots, which can form buttresses on the lower trunk. Like all melaleucas, it does not develop dormant buds and grows whenever conditions are favourable. After bush fires, it will regenerate by seed, coppicing and from root suckers.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.

Spice oil is a spice derivative that are extracted generally by steam distillation process. The spice oils distilled off from the spices at the initial stage before subject to solvent extraction These oils are the volatile components present in spices and provide the aroma and flavor of the spice they are made from.

India is the native and largest producer of the spice sna dthe Indianspices are most popular among the world.