Sci-tech Engineering Corporation

Dahisar, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Study of power generation using steam boiler and performance of steam generator is

focus of this trainer. Sci-tech 1.5KW Steam Power Plant Model BSG 002, is designed the system in such fashion that enables students to investigate all the parameters governing the utilization & maintenance of a typical power plant. The system uses a small sized boiler unit that runs on LDO/gas. The generated steam is then used to run the steam turbine which in turn, runs the coupled A.C. Generator to produce the electricity or loading can be done by using Alternator & Bulb bank. A loading arrangement is also given for load test. The unit is fitted with a colored mimic diagram that illustrates the constructional and operational features. The various aspects of boiler and turbine operation and maintenance can be studied. Instrumentation is provided to measure Temperatures and Pressures. Temperature pressure characteristics of boiler can also be plotted.

System Components

Boiler 200 Kg/Hr at 11 bar

Single-stage Steam turbine with Curtis wheel and hydraulic speed regulator: 1.5 KW @ 3000RPM

Fuel consumption: 12L/h

Heat-up time: 8min

Max. pressure: 13bar

Heater: power 24 KW (In case of Electrically fired Steam Generator)

Condenser Shell & Tube Type.

Pressure measurements: 3 x 0 to 16 bar; 2 x 0 to 4 bar; 1 x -1 to 1 bar

Chimney

Orifice meter

Control valve: Electric Solenoid Type

Pump Centrifugal pump: 23 HP capacity & Piston Reciprocating Pump.

Flow meter: Flow rate 0 to 160L/min (Cooling)

Water Softener (Optional)

Steam Calorimeter- Separating & Throttling calorimeter

Temperature Indicator: 12 channel input: K Type thermocouple

Fuel supply system: Volumetric Type capacity 50Liter

K Type Thermocouple temp. Sensor

Temperature measurements: 12 x 50⁰ to 400⁰C; 1 x 0 to 100⁰C

Torque measurement: 0 to 10 Nm

Digital Tachometer 0 -9999rpm.

Voltmeter 0-500 V.

Ammeter 0-10 Amp.

Loading arrangement- Electrical Alternator

Lamp Bank

Control panel

Cooling Tower (Optional)

Computerized Data Acquisition System

Options

Super Heater

Blow Down Tank

Sci-Cal^RComputer Control Software & Interface

Sci-tech has designed the system in such a fashion that easily operated demonstrated & requisite experimentation can be performed. Sci-tech provides a comprehensive unit; The Sci-tech Boiler Drum Simulation Trainer Model BSG 003 is able to exhibit realistic response times, uses standard industrial process instruments and process equipments and designed to study the response of type 0, 1, and 2 control system. It is a P.C. based system with visual display of the process on the monitor screen. The software used in this system is a windows-based software and is completely menu driven for experimentation. Visual display of MIMIC is provided with this system and graphics is viewed on monitor screen. Printing of data in tabular and graphical form is provided.

Sci-tech Boiler Drum Simulation Trainer Model BSG 003 is able to perform Level Studies and Shell & Tube heat Exchanger Studies function. In Level Studies the level transmitter is capable of measuring drum level in open or close tank application using the differential pressure method or other suitable method

A heater is provided to heat up water in the drum and act as energy input to the boiler.

Level switch installed in the boiler drum to cut off the electric heater if drum level is low-pressure transmitter must be provided to measure the pressure.

In Shell and Tube heat Exchanger Studies consists of two main circuit: Hot water Circuit and Cold water Circuit

v Compact, comprehensive sturdy design

v Full instrumentation for experimentation on boiler control system.

v A pilot plant of boiler

v High - speed dynamic signal acquisition is possible.

v Menu driven screens with comprehensive HELP menu

v Displays graphically both on-line and historical trends

v PC based system.

v System having all process indication in color mimics.

v System is able to exhibit realistic response times, use standard industrial process instruments and process equipment

v System having facility of on line measurements for boiler drum level, feed water in flow, hot water outflow, drum pressure hot and cold water circuit temperature for heat exchanger and other instrumentations.

v Temperature, level and pressure indicator are provided for indication.

v Rota-meter is provided to measure flow rate.

v Air release valve is provided to release excess pressure to atmosphere, in case for over-pressure in the boiler drum for safety purpose

v Pressure and temperature gauges are provided.

v Provided with Alarm Annunciation

v Provided with Fault Stimulation Switches

v Powder coated structured is provided.

Sci-tech Utility Boiler Model BSG 004 is a typical drum-type boiler widely used in the oil refinery and petrochemical plants for steam generation.

Sci-tech Bench Top Utility Boiler Simulator Model BSG 004 is designed to demonstrate the thermodynamic basic principles of boiling phenomenon.

BSG 004 enables user to study the fundamental pressure- temperature relationship of saturated steam in equilibrium with water.

The Boiler consists of a stainless-steel pressure vessel fitted with a high pressure immersion electrical heater.

It comes with a safety valve, temperature sensor and Bourdon type pressure gauge. Water inlet valve and discharge valve are also installed.

BSG 004 comes with transducers for temperature and pressure for students to enable to take readings for respective values on a digital indicator.

Heater power supply is controlled through control panel. The heater is protected from burn-out by setting the maximum operating temperature on the temperature controller.

Optionally Data Acquisition System can be offered for Data Logging; Signal Analysis; Process Control; Real-time Display; Tabulated Results & Graph of Experimental Results

The highlights of Utility Boiler Simulator

• Permits practice:
• Start up
• Shutdown
• Normal operations
• Troubleshooting
• Simulation of drum shrink-and-swell phenomena
• Burner flame out and unstable flame conditions
• Detailed radiation and convection section heat transfer
• Variable fuel characteristics and heating values
• Stoichiometric combustion model
• Effect of atomizing steam
• Typical advanced boiler control system
• Dynamic display of flame color and length
• Plant alert and monitor:
• Abnormal ignition
• Black smoke in stack
• Explosive situation

Specification

• Pressure Vessel

Capacity: 5 50 liters

Material: Stainless steel (304 or 316)

• Pressure Gauge

Type: Bourdon type

Range: min. 0 to max. 20 bar

• Temperature Sensor

Range: min. 0 to max. 200 C

• Transducers

Temperature and pressure

• Operating Pressure

Max. 5 15 bar

• Electrical Heater

Power: 2 20 kW

Type: Immersion type

• Temperature Controller

Thermocouple/PT100 input

• Safety

Temperature controller: pressure relief valve

• Optional, Sci-Cal^R Data Acquisition System DAQ

Electronic signal conditioning system

Windows based software:

- Data Logging

- Signal Analysis

- Process Control

- Real-time Display

- Tabulated Results

- Graph of Experimental Results

Sci-tech Computer Interfaced Continuous Distillation Column Model BSG 007 has been developed to permit the students to study the fundamentals of a continuous distillation system encountered in modern industrial processes. The solution to be distilled is stored in the feed tank. The solution is pumped from the feed tank via the feed metering pump. The distillation column consists of re-boilers, glass column sections, column packing, four packing support plate assemblies, reflux separator assembly, condenser and cap assembly. The distillate feed consists of a reflux three way control valve, distillate spiral cooler, and distillate storage tank. The residue feed comes from the re-boilers through the residue spiral cooler to the residue storage tank. The distillate of the residue may be pumped back into the feed tank for reprocess. Sampling ports are provided on all packing support plates, feed input, feed output, reflux, distillate tank, residue tank, and re-boiler. Thermocouples are used to take all temperature readings

Sci-Cal^R Data Acquisition Software provides real time data on computer screen along with graphs & tabular results.

Detailed Operation & Maintenance Manual is provided along with the trainer.

Experiment Capabilities

Pressure drop across the column as a function of boil-up rate.

Column efficiency as a function of boil-up rate, at total reflux

Binary mixture separation of components with changes in the feed flow rate, feed temperature, reflux ratios, and re-boiler temperatures.

Comparing Raoult-Dalton Law using the method of McCabe-Thiele

Taking samples and performing appropriate analytical procedures.

Distillation at constant reflux ratio: variation of top product composition with time

Mass balance across the system

Technical Specifications

• A 50mm diameter plate distillation column of @ 2m height, containing 8 sieve plates and down-comers. Every plate includes a temperature sensor positioned to measure accurately the temperature of the liquid on each plate up to 0.01C.
• A 50mm packed column for comparative studies of the two types of distillation column.
• Column connected to 4 flasks of 3L capacity each: 2 for Feed; 1 for Distillate; & 1 for bottom product.
• Electrically heated borosilicate 3 re-boilers of capacity 200C for 1-2 hours of batch operation: 2 for the feed & 1 for bottom product.
• Fluid medium Heating bath for heating purpose up to 500C
• An overhead refrigerated cooling condenser, with capability to reach minimum temperature of 0C, has cooling water flow measurement and adjustment.
• A condensate collecting vessel
• Reflux return valve, solenoid operated.
• Differential manometer connected to the top and bottom of the column, to monitor column pressure drop.
• Vacuum system with gauge to allow distillation studies at reduced pressures.
• Two 5L feed vessels,
• Peristaltic feed pump
• Electrically heated re-boilers
• A bottoms product heat exchanger
• Temperature sensors in each flow stream entering and leaving the condenser and of the feed, product system and re-boiler temperatures.

Sci-tech Marcet Boiler Model BSG 008 is designed to study the relationship between the temperature and pressure of the steam. Marcet Boiler is made of heavy-duty stainless steel shell. It has a Mercury thermometer for readout of temperature inside the boiler. A water heater has been provided as a heating element. Heater control device also has been provided. The panel will be housed in the Tripod for easy indicator / readout.

Specifications

1. Measuring a vapour pressure curve for saturated vapour

2. Stainless Steel Pressure Boiler with insulating jacket

3. Temperature limiter and safety valve protection against overpressure in the system

4. Bourdon tube pressure gauge to indicate pressure

5. Digital temperature display

System Components

Safety valve,

Boiler with insulating jacket,

Bourdon tube manometer,

Switch box with temperature display,

Drain valve,

Heater,

Overflow Valve,

Temperature sensor

Optional Sci-Cal Sci-tech software for data acquisition via USB under Windows 7, 8.1, 10

Technical Specifications

Insulated vessel (water boiler); material: stainless steel, capacity: 2 L. approx.

An immersion heating element (computer controlled), power: 2000W., limit of the maximum heating temperature: 200C.

A security valve and a high-pressure switch to limit the working pressure to 18 bars.

For safety purposes, a pipe with a regulation valve, situated in the lower side of the boiler allows the boiler, to be filled with water using a hose. Another pipe with a regulation valve, situated in the upper side of the boiler, allows the checking of the water level using a hose. Both pipes allow the draining of the water from the boiler and to direct any vented steam away from the working area to a suitable drain.

A "J type " temperature sensor to measure the steam temperature at the water boiler.

One pressure sensor to measure the steam pressure at the boiler, range: 0-25 bar.

This unit is protected by transparent sheets with orifices to allow handling the valves.

A PID control enables to get a constant saturated steam temperature with the heating element.

• Bourdon tube pressure gauge: -1 24 bar

Measuring Ranges:

• Temperature: 0.200⁰ C
• Pressure: 0.20 bar

Safety Valve: 20 bar

Dimensions: 600Lx400Wx700H in mm

Weight: @ 35 Kgs

Optional

Sci-Cal^R Computer Control Software

Experiments

Study of Boiler (Study type experiment)

Study of relation between pressure and temperature of wet steam may be found

experimentally.

Variation of saturated steam pressure with temperature

Confirmation of the Antoine equation

Sci-tech Rankine Cycle Steam Turbine Model BSG 012 is used to drive bulb loads or for heating system. Steam generators and steam engine together form a steam power plant. Steam power plants work according to the Rankine cycle which is still one of the most important industrially used cyclic processes. Steam power plants are mainly used for electrical power generation. The steam generator and the axial steam turbine together form a complete laboratory-scale steam power plant. Sci-techRankine Cycle Steam Turbine Model BSG 012trainer serves to familiarize students with the components and principle of operation of a steam generator and enables them to examine the characteristic values of the system. The numerous safety devices of the steam generator can be tested and checked using various monitoring devices. If the steam generator is operated without the steam turbine, the generated steam is directly liquefied in a condenser and fed back into the evaporation circuit via a tank. As all components are clearly arranged on the front panel, the cyclic process can be easily monitored and understood. Sensors record the temperature, pressure and flow rate at all relevant points. The measured values can be read on digital displays. At the same time, the measured values can also be transmitted directly to a PC viaUSB. Optionally Sci-CalR data acquisition software DAQ or SCADA can be included. The steam generator has been constructed according to the Technical Regulations for Steam, pressure-tested and is equipped with all legally required safety devices. Shown below is an example model of a steam turbine system based on the Rankine Cycle. The cycle includes superheating and reheating to prevent condensation at the high-pressure turbine and the low-pressure turbine, respectively. The cycle also has regeneration by passingextracted steam through closed feed-water heaters to warm up the water and improve cycle efficiency. The Saturated Fluid Chamber block models a separate saturated liquid volume and saturated vapor volume and is used to create the boiler and the condenser Specifications 1) Boiler: Independently certified electric boiler with manual control, pressure switches, safe pressure cut out and large capacity relief valve Rated Steam generation@ 100 DegreesC: 100Kg/Hr Steam Pressure: 10Kg/cm sq. SteamTemperature: 184 degrees C Efficiency:@ 85 90% Heater: a) Electrical Heaters @ 18KW b) Fuel: Propane consumption@ 5.5Kg Hr Heater or Burner: ON/OFF Electrical Power: 400440V, 3 Ph, 50Hz OR 200V, 3 Ph, 60Hz Feed Water Pump: 0.38KW Burner Motor: 0.20KW - Boiler Coil (Pressure Parts) (W.P.@10Kg/cm2): Vertical, Coil Type, three pass Design. Fabricated out of SS304 Tubes. Hydraulically tested at 20 Kg/cm2 - Shell Assembly:Insulated with Mineral Wool & cladding with CR sheet. - Base Frame: Fabricated in MS - Economizer: Fabricated from SS304, plates & pipes - Backfire Relief Valve: Reputed make, to release gases at the time of back firing. - Burner assembly: Long lasting - Steam Pressure Gauge: Wika/Baumer make or provision for sensor for digital signalling to computer - Feed Water Pump:Reciprocating Type with surge suppressor.Variable Pulley- With this pulley we adjust the feed water accurately which results in less condensate & good quality of steam. - Mountings & Fittings:Main Steam Stop valve- 20NB- 1 no Auxiliary steam stop valve- 15NB- 1 no Safety valve- 15NB- 1 no Non-return valve on feed water line- 15NB- 1 no Blow down valve-1 no Water Relief Valve (for Feed Water Pump Safety) - 1 no. Parts meeting water / steam will be as follow:Coil- SS304, Water Pump- Brass, Stea

In a biogas plant, microorganisms biologically depredate the organic starting substances (substrate) under exclusion of light and oxygen. The product of this anaerobic degradation is a gas mixture, which primarily consists of methane. This gas mixture is called biogas. The experimental Sci-tech Biogas Plant Model BSG 014 serves to demonstrate the generation of biogas in a practical manner. The substrate is a suspension of shredded organic solids. It is hydrolyzed and acidified in the first stirred tank reactor. Here, anaerobic microorganisms convert the long-chain organic substances into short-chain organic substances. The biogas forms in the second stirred tank reactor in the last step of the anaerobic degradation. It contains mainly methane and carbon dioxide. This two-stage method enables the ambient conditions to be adjusted and optimized in both reactors separately. The digestate is collected in a separate tank. Temperature and pH value are controlled in both reactors. The resulting biogas is dried in a column. The column is filled with silica gel. Subsequently, the flow rate, humidity, methane content, carbon dioxide content and temperature of the biogas are measured. The system is controlled by means of aSci-CalR PLCwhich is operated via a touch screen. The measured values can be transmitted to a PC viaUSBand analyzed with thesoftware. The experimental plant enables both a continuous and a discontinuous (batch) operation mode. Anaerobic biomass from a biogas plant is required for the experiments. E.g. potatoes or maize can be used to produce the substrate. An inert gas (e.g. carbon dioxide) is required to flush the experimental plant. Specifications 1. Two-stage biogas plant (continuous or discontinuous operation possible) 2. 2 stirred tank reactors made of stainless steel with capacitive level sensors 3. Separate supply unit with substrate tank and feed pump 4. Control of temperature and pH value in the reactors 5. 2 metering pumps for acid and caustic 6. Heating water circuit with tank, heater, temperature controller and pump 7. Biogas is dried with silica gel 8. Biogas analysis: flow rate, methane content, carbon dioxide content, humidity and temperature 9. Control of the experimental plant using aSci-CalR PLC, operated by touch screen 10. Optional Software for data acquisition viaUSBunder Windows 7, 8.1, 10 Technical Specifications Tanks made of stainless steel Reactor (stage 1): approx. 20L Reactor (stage 2): approx. 70L Substrate tank: approx. 25L Digestate tank: approx. 25L Pumps 3 peristaltic pumps: each max. 25L/h 2 metering pumps: each max. 2, 1L/h Heating water pump: max. 480L/h Stirring machines Substrate tank: max. 200min-1 Reactors: each max. 120min-1Measuring ranges Methane content: 0100%, Carbon dioxide content: 0100% Flow rate (biogas): 030NL/h pH value: 2x 114 Humidity: 0100% Temperature (reactors and biogas): 3x 0100C Optional: Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface Sci-Cal software & hardware has been designed for use with more than 200 Sci-tech trainers. Sci-Cal comes in a module that can be fitted or mounted on the Sci-tech trainers very easily. Sci-Cal box has 10 inches front HMI interactive panel, inside are i3 processor computer with its own hard drive & software processor with 16 to 32 analog and 16 to 32 digital signal data-loggers. The Labview processes the input signal with in-built data and formulae to tabulate results for the Sci-tech trainers. Sci-Cal box has HDMI output for connection to a projector or an electronic whiteboard or a monitor. Sci-Cal box has input ports for inputs from the Sci-tech trainer sensors. Sci-Cal eliminates requirement of external computer. Experiments: Achieving a stable operating state Influence of the following parameters on the biogas generation o temperature o substrate o volumetr

Energy saving and environmental pollution reduction are crucial global issues. Using renewable energies as alternative sources to fossil fuels can address both issues, with great benefits especially in countries where traditional energy sources are scarce. Sci-tech Hydro-Electric Power Plant Model BSG 017 enables experimental investigation on the conversion of hydraulic energy into electricity by means of a Pelton turbine. The system configuration is stand- alone (isolated from the grid). The equipment is manufactured using real components available on the market. Operating Principle If no load is connected to the system, all the produced energy is dissipated in air or used to charge the battery pack, to be ordered separately. In case some loads are connected to the system, the produced energy partially feeds the loads and partially charges the battery pack (optional item) or is dissipated in air. When the consumption is higher than the power available from the water, the power surplus is given by the battery pack (optional item). The system consists of: A) Mini hydroelectric power plant mounted on castors including: 1) Turbine-generator unit with water distributor2) Variable speed centrifugal pump3) Stainless steel water tank 4) Flow rate sensor5) Pressure sensor and pressure gauge B) Table top control panel including: 1) Controller with air dissipation system 2) Sinewave inverter 3)Electric loads 4) Electric instrumentation for detecting the energy flows in different branches of the circuit 5) Sci-CalR Data acquisition board with USB interface for PC connection TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS Mini hydroelectric power plant mounted on castors: Turbine-generator unit:- AISI 304 stainless steel Pelton turbine, d = 100 mm, blade no. = 20- 6-jet distributor- 3 jets can be externally intercepted- permanent magnets synchronous generator - rated voltage: 25 VAC Three phase - frequency: 200 Hz- nominal electric power output: 0, 5 kW (height 30 m, flow rate 3 l/s)- generator speed: 3000 rpm AISI 304 stainless steel horizontal axis multistage mono-block pump: - power: 0, 75 kW- maximum flow rate: 10 m3/h- maximum head: 43 m- frequency converter for rpm adjustment AISI 304 stainless steel water tank, capacity: 250 liters AISI 304 stainless steel hydraulic circuit feeding the turbine- generator unit with:- ball valve and dial vacuum gauge, range: -1 5 bar, at pump suction- dial pressure gauge, range: 0 6 bar, and gate valve at pump discharge- ball valve at distributor-tank by-pass Flow rate sensor for measuring and transmitting the water flow rate to the control panel Transducer type: rotating vane Range: 25 250 liters/minute Pressure sensor for measuring and transmitting the water pressure to the control panel Transducer type: piezoresistive Range: 0 16 bar Table top control panel: Steel structure with:- front side: comprehensive colored diagram of the system- back side: AC loading system consisting of 5 x 30 W (equivalent) switchable lamps Controller - Rectifier- Air dissipation system- Digital voltmeter for the DC parameters - Digital ammeter for the DC parameters Inverter- continuous output power: 600 W- peak output power: 1200 W- input voltage: 24 Vdc- output voltage: 230 Vac - 50 Hz- output waveform: modified sine wave- stop for low battery charge- protection against overload, short circuit, overtemperature Instrumentation- multifunction instruments, microprocessor-based, for AC parameters Socket for connection to the spotlight AC 220V Sci-CalRPC data acquisition Parameters displayed:- All DC and AC parameters - Water pressure and flow rate The software enables to: - Calculate the hydraulic energy conversion efficiency o - Visualize the energy flows to and from turbine-generator unit, battery pack (if present) and inverter o - Draw the characteristic curve efficiency / flow rate to find out the point of maximum performance of the turbine- generator unit Experim

In many the chemical and foodstuffs industries, ethanol (alcohol) is increasingly used as a fuel. Sci-tech Bio Ethanol Plant Model PT 011 can be used to conduct realistic experiments for the production of ethanol from starch-based raw materials such as potatoes. The experimental plant consists of three main components: a mash tank, a fermentation tank and a distillation unit.

A mixture of water, finely chopped potatoes and alpha-amylase (enzyme) is filled into the mash tank. To dissolve the tightly packed starch chains in the potatoes, heating steam is injected into the mixture via a nozzle (gelatinisation). This increases the flow resistance of the mash, which would prevent further processes. The alpha-amylase breaks up the starch chains (liquefying) thereby reducing the flow resistance. Gluco-amylase is used to convert the starch into sugar (saccharification). This enzyme requires lower temperatures and pH values. The temperature is reduced using the water cooling jacket around the mash tank, the pH value is adjusted by the addition of acid and caustic. After saccharification the mash is pumped into the fermentation tank. During the fermentation process in this tank, ethanol is produced. A water cooling system controls the temperature. After the fermentation process, the mash is pumped into the distillation unit. This is equipped with a bubble cap tray column for separation of the ethanol. Two tanks are available, one for the spent mash, the other for the distilled ethanol.

The experimental plant has comprehensive measurement, control and operating functions, which are controlled via aPLC or DAQ. An optional touch screen displays measured values and permits the operation of the system.

The steam supply occurs via laboratory network or an optionally available electrical steam generator Sci-tech Model BSG 010

Specifications

1. Batch conversion of starch-based raw materials into ethanol

2. Open mash tank with water-jacket cooling, steam injection and stirrer

3. Closed fermentation tank with stirrer and water-jacket cooling/heating

4. Distillation unit with 3 bubble cap trays, dephlegmator, condenser and stirrer

5. 2 pumps for delivering the mash

6. pH value control in the mash tank with acid and caustic delivered by metering pumps

7. Adjustment of the amount of injected heating steam, the cooling water flow rates and the head

temperature by means ofPID / DAQ controllers

8. System control using aPLC or DAQ; operated by optional touch screen

9. Sci-techsoftware for data acquisition viaUSBunder Windows 7, 8.1, 10

Technical Specifications

Mash tank: 40LFermentation tank: 50LProduct tank: 10LSpent mash: 30LDistillation unit

column: DxH: 220x1200mm

sump capacity: 45L

sump heater: 07500W

2 air-operated diaphragm pumps

drive pressure: 2bar

max. flow rate: 15L/min

max. head: 20m

max. solid lump size: 4mm

2 metering pumps (acid and caustic)

max. flow rate: each 2, 1L/h

Measuring ranges

temperature: 10x 0150C

water quantity mash tank: 020L

pH value: 210

pressure heating steam: 010bar

Accessories

PC with Windows (OPTIONAL)

1 set of enzymes etc., 1 set of accessories, 1 software + USB cable, 1 set of instructional material

Electrical steam generator 12kW (steam (10kg/h, min. 3bar)

Experiments:

Familiarization with the necessary individual steps and system components for production of

ethanol:

Gelatinisation by steam injection

Liquefaction by use of alpha-amylase

Saccharification by use of gluco-amylase

Fermentation: conversion of sugar into ethanol by yeast cultures under anaerobic

conditions

Distillation: separation of ethanol from the mash

Sci-tech Cyclonic Separation Trainer Model ENV 001 is a method of removing particulates from an air stream through a vortex separation process. A high speed forced vortex rotating air flow is established within a cylinder called a cyclone. Cyclones are used widely in sawmills to remove saw dust from extracted air as well as oil refineries to separate oils and gases. This Cyclone Separation Trainer is used for demonstrating the basics of cyclonic vortex separation. The apparatus comprises of four main cyclones of different diameters, a dust feed system and an air supply blower. A venturi type flow meter is provided to measure the incoming air flow rates. Each cyclone is fitted with a particle collector for dust collection. Cyclones can be run individually or in series of any two. Air flow rates can be varied by controlling the air blower speed. A dust tank is provided to inject the dust into the system. Differential pressure measurement for individual cyclones is provided to measure the pressure drop across the cyclone and hence the velocity of air in the cyclone can be determined.

Sci-tech Cyclonic Separation Trainer Model ENV 001 trainer consists of three cyclone separators mounted on frame. Two cyclone separators are made of steel & one is made of glass. The cyclones can be arranged in such way that either one cyclone can be operated at a time, or two cyclones can be operated in series. A high-volume air blower which draws large volume of air through the cyclone separator. A hopper with control valve is used to feed dust particles into the stream of air. The air mixed with particles then enters tangentially at the top inlet in the separator. The dust particles are separated in the separator & collected in container at the bottom. The filtered air leaves the separator through the outlet at the top. A Variable Speed Drive is used to vary the velocity & flow of air through the separator.

Each cyclone separator has glands to for measuring pressure difference across the cyclone. A differential pressure gauge is used to measure the differential pressure across cyclone. The air flow is measured by a venturi meter with differential pressure gauge.

EXPERIMENTS CAPABILITIES

Understanding of air cyclone system.

Demonstration of basic cyclonic separation

Effect of input velocity against separation efficiency

Effect of particle size on separation efficiency

Cyclone diameter and conical construction on separation efficiency

Single and double cyclone operation effects

Comparison of pressure drop against input velocity

To verify the theoretical relationship between pressure drop and inlet velocity

TECHNICAL DATA

Air Blower

- Capacity 280 m³/hr @ 3400 RPM,

- 5 hp 3 phase 415 V AC, 50 Hz

- Static Pressure: 20 kPa

- Blower Speed Control: Frequency Inverter

Cyclone Material: Stainless Steel or Borosilicate glass 2 Nos, Borosilicate Glass -1 No.

Cyclone Separator: Diameter 100 mm 1 Nos.

Cyclone Separator: Diameter 200 mm 2 Nos.

Dust Collector: Acrylic tank

Dust Feeder

Air Flow Meter: Venturimeter with differential pressure gauge

No. of dust collector tank 3 Nos.

No. of differential pressure gauges 2 Nos.

Differential Pressure Range: 0-20 in of H₂

Instrumentation: Pressure drop: Manometer; Air flow rate: Venturi meter; Inverter for blower speed control

Digital Instrumentation a) 2 units of digital indicators. b) 2 units differential pressure transmitter for flow pressure drop

Mobile Steel Structure

Control Console: Coated Stainless Steel

Optional

v Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface (Please refer to Sci-Cal catalog)

v Sci-calVaq Sci-techs Virtual IoT based Data Acquisition system Please refer to Sci-CalVaq catalog)

Sci-tech Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) Trainer Model ENV 003 uses the induced electrostatic charge to remove the particles from the flow air stream. This system is designed to give the students an understanding of the electrostatic precipitator system.

The apparatus comprises of a laboratory scale electrostatic precipitator unit, dust feeding system and a digital weighing meter. A venturi type flow meter is provided to measure the incoming air flow rates.

This ESP is a plate type precipitator. It contained of a row of thin wires and followed by a stack of large flat metal plate. The air flow will flow through the thin wires and passes though the metal plate. High negative voltage is applied between the wires and plates. The ESP has a dimension of 600x1000x600mm with a fan. The operating voltage for the ionizer is about 7000 VDC while for collector is about 8000 VDC.

Air flow rates can be varied by controlling the fan speed. Dust tank is provided to inject the dust into the system. Digital weighing meter is provided to measure the dust collection by the ESP.

EXPERIMENTS CAPABILITIES

Understanding of electrostatic precipitator system

Demonstration of basic separation

Effect of input velocity against separation efficiency

Effect of particle size on separation efficiency

Effect of input charge (ionization strength) on the separation efficiency

TECHNICAL DATA

Experiment Test: Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) System

Apparatus Frame: Epoxy coated steel frame

ESP type: Plate type

ESP size: 600x1000x600mm

Fan rating: 1/4hp TEFC motor & drive

Operating voltage: 7000VDC (ionizer); 8000VDC (collector)

Voltage Gradient: 11, 158VDC/inch (Ionizer) & 24, 768 VDC/inch (Ionizer)

Air flow meter: Digital anemometer

Hand held Anemometer range: Air velocity: 0 - 2m/s; Temperature: 0 - 65^oC

Dust tank: Plexi-glass container

Digital Analytical balance: weighing capacity: 50 kg; resolution: 0.5 g;

Digital Instrumentation with (optional) sensors for digital indicators & air velocity transmitter.

Optional:

Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface

EXPERIMENTS CAPABILITIES

Understanding of electrostatic precipitator system

Demonstration of basic separation

Effect of input velocity against separation efficiency

Effect of particle size on separation efficiency

Effect of input charge (ionization strength) on the separation efficiency

Sci-tech Automated Sludge Sewage Treatment PlantENV 004 activated sludge sewage treatment pilot plant is a small-scale industrial sewage plant. It consists of all the comprehensive components and advance process control instrument to make the trainer more interesting on study. All the tank, components, instrumentation are mounted on mobile workbench with caster roller. The bench is made of stainless-steel frame. Tabletop is made of durable ABS plastic material which can withstand the wet and chemical resistance. The main control instrumentations consist of PLC, analog data acquisition card, input and output digital module pH control, O2 controller, Redo X controller, temperature controller comprehensive aluminum etching mimic diagram with indicating light and alarm annunciator. All analysis controller is link to PC with data acquisition software. The setup of instrumentation communication is using modbus RTU RS485 which is widely used in modern sewage treatment plant. The operation status of the pump, solenoid control valve are controlled through PC Experiment Possibilities Study & measure of BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) unit & COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Process of substrate flow Effect of the temperature on the purification Influence of PH and Oxygen on treatment process Air injection time The influence of dissolved oxygen concentration Sludge recirculation flow process The effect of stirrer speed on treatment process Determination of the purification effect of stay time in oxidation tank Determine the purification effect on mixing Effect of different concentration of dissolved O2 on treatment plants efficiency Determination of sludge sedimentation varying the concentration of work O2 Influence of the activated carbon on the purification process Testing using O2 instead of air (10 liter oxygen fill cylinder is provided) The control function of pilot plant consists of two modes: Fully automatic mode This model is fully automotive control by PLC (Optional SCADA), which analysis data feed back by the controller Manual mode This mode, student can commend any control sequence via the PC control software, this is to facilitate the simulation and generate various type treatment process phenomenon and faults. This to enhance the student understanding and chemical-physical problem arising from the realization of an activated sludge process. The value of the analysis carried out in laboratory (COD, BOD, MVS etc) could be set by the operator to be taken into account in the formulas of flow instruction. The process flow-line Aerobic condition of cultivates the Micro-organism Micro-organism digest the contaminated substances After the pollutant elimination phase, it is further divide into clarified water and go to settling tank The clarified water is further sterilized, while the activated sludge is partially recycled within oxidation tank in order to stabilize the treatment process. Practice provide and other training provided: The agitation effect on the treatment tank Advantage of air-lift in the sludge recirculating system Effect of oxygen concentration on the sludge elimination Technical Specifications Air line system Item Description Qty. 1 Pressure regulator, range: 0 to 9 bars 1 2 Two gas rotameters 3 Flow controller BSP 2 4 Flow control solenoid valve BSP, 24Vdc 1 5 Air distribution/diffuser for reactor 1 6 Air lift system for sludge recirculating tank 1 7 Air pump 700 I/h, 2 bar 1 Liquid line Item Description Qty. 1 Feed preparation tank with stirrer, 30 liter glass tank with stirrer and variable speed controller 1 2 Volumetric feed pump to study dilution control peristaltic pump, 230V, 50Hz, 350mA, Flowrate 1.5, 5 and 10 liter per hour adjustable by changing the tube size 1 3 Plexiglas/Glass reactor tank, 25 liters 1 4 Plexiglas/Glass settling tank with air lift, 30 liter

Sci-tech Pulsed Jet Bag Filtration Training System Model ENV 008 has been designed for demonstrating dust pollution control using a fabric filter and for investigating the effects of varying total filtration area on filtering efficiency. In addition, students can study the effects of varying gas-to-cloth (G/C) ratio between pressure drop, P and inlet velocity, vi.

The system comprises of a bag house, a pulse-jet cleaning system, a dust feeding system and a variable speed air blower. The bag house is divided into two sections: top and bottom. The top section is of stainless-steel construct, connected to the compressed air tank to form part of the pulse-jet cleaning mechanism. The bottom section is made of rigid transparent polycarbonate with dust collector. Through this bottom section, students can view the filtering.

and cleaning operations of the bag filtering system. The cleaning mechanism comprises of a compressed air tank, a solenoid valve with remote selectable timer and a portable air compressor unit. Four units of polyester fabric filters are installed in a row inside the bottom section of the bag house. An air blower installed at the outlet is capable of drawing 198 m3/hr of air through the system. The air inlet velocity can be varied by means of adjusting the air blower speed. A dust feeding system is provided for introducing a desired amount of dust particles into the air stream before entering the bag house. The pressure drop, P across the bag house can be measured by a differential pressure meter. The entire system is mounted on a skid platform with an epoxy-coated steel frame and lockable castor wheels for mobility. All the necessary instruments are housed within a dust and splash proof control console with IP 55 rating. The system comes with complete PVC piping connections.

EXPERIMENTS

Demonstration of a bag filtering system in dust pollution control

To study the effects of varying total filtering area

To investigate the effects of varying gas-to-cloth (G/C) ratio on separation efficiency

To verify the relationship between pressure, drop, P and inlet velocity, vi

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

a) Bag house

No. of sections: 2

1Top section material: Stainless steel

Dimensions: 890 mm (L) x 380 mm (W) x 200 mm (H)

Btm. section material: Clear polycarbonate

Accessories: Dust collector

b) Fabric filter

Material: Polyester

Dimensions: 13.5 cm (D) x 100 cm (H)

Mount: Support cage to prevent collapse

c) Pulse-jet cleaning system

Compressed air tank

Capacity: Approx. 20 L

Material: Stainless steel

Accessories: Pressure relieve valve 0 to 2 bar

Air compressor: Portable type 1 hp

Cleaning nozzles for each fabric filter

Solenoid valve with remote selectable timer

d) Air blower

Rated power: 2 hp

Max. air delivery: 198 m3/hr @ 2800 rpm

Max. static pressure: 69 in H2O

Speed controller: Frequency inverter

e) Air flow meter

Type: Venturi with differential pressure gauge

Material: Durable clear acrylic

DP gauge range: 0 to 16 in H2O

f) Feeding container

Material: Acrylic cylinder with conical bottom

Feed control: Rapid acting valve

g) Differential pressure

Type: Panel mounted Bourdon type differential pressure gauge

Range: 0 to 25 cm H2O

Sci-tech Spray Chamber Trainer System Model ENV 009 has been designed to demonstrate the spray chamber operations using five different spray nozzles, and for students to study the effects of droplet size on separation efficiency. Students can also investigate the effects of liquid-to-gas (L/G) ratio upon separation efficiency.

The system comprises of a spray (separation) chamber, a water circulation system, a dust feeding system and a variable speed air blower. The spray chamber is fabricated from rigid transparent acrylic measuring approximately 0.3m in diameter and 2m in height. The spray chamber can be fitted with five different spray nozzles to produce five different droplet sizes. The top of the spray chamber is equipped with a mist eliminator to prevent any water droplets from escaping. The water circulation system consists of a water tank, water pump, liquid flow meters, a pressure gauge and a pressure regulator.

An air blower installed at the outlet is capable of drawing 198 m3/hr of air through the system.

The air inlet velocity can be varied by means of adjusting the air blower speed. A dust

feeding system is provided for introducing a desired amount of dust particles into the air stream before entering the separation chamber. The pressure drop, P across the separation chamber can be measured by a differential pressure meter.

The entire system is mounted on a skid platform with an epoxy-coated steel frame and lockable castor wheels for mobility. All the necessary instruments are housed within a dust and splashproof control console with IP 55 rating. The system comes with complete PVC and stainless steel piping connections.

EXPERIMENTS

To study the effects of droplet size on separation efficiency

To investigate the effects of liquid-to-gas (L/G) ratio on separation efficiency

To verify the relationship between pressure drop, P and inlet velocity, vi

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

a) Spray nozzles

Material: Stainless steel

No. of sizes: 5

Droplet size: 100, 200, 300, 500 and 1000

b) Separation chamber

Material: Durable clear acrylic

Size: 0.3 m (D) x 2 m (H)

Accessories: Spray nozzle mount and mist eliminator

c) Water circulation system

Tank material: Stainless steel

Tank size: 55 L

Protection: Low level pump cut-off switch

Pump type: Centrifugal

Max. flow rate: 25 L/min

Flow meters: 0 to 1 L/min and 0 to 20 L/min

Pressure gauge: 0 to 6 bar

d) Air blower

Rated power: 2 hp

Max. air delivery: 198 m3/hr @ 2800 rpm

Max. static pressure: 69 in H2O

Speed control: Frequency inverter

e) Air flow meter

Type: Venturi with differential pressure gauge

Material: Durable clear acrylic

DP gauge range: 0 to 16 in H2O

f) Feeding system

Material: Acrylic cylinder with conical bottom

Feed control: Flow regulating valve

g) Differential pressure

Type: Panel mounted Bourdon type differential pressure gauge

Range: 0 to 100 mm H2O

Sci-tech Venturi Air Scrubber System Model ENV 010 s used to demonstrate dust pollution control and the effect of liquid -to-gas ratio (L/G) on separation efficiency. The system comprises of a venturi tube, separation chamber, dust feeding system, water recirculation system and a variable speed air blower.

The venturi tube is made of transparent and rigid plexi-glass for the observation of flow. A differential pressure transducer is used to measure pressure drop across the venturi. The cylindrical separation chamber is also made of transparent, rigid plexiglass with a diameter of 500 mm and height of 1.6 meter. At the side bottom of the separation chamber is a circular inlet which is connected to the outlet of the venturi. The chamber also houses a mist eliminator at the top which prevents water droplets from escaping the chamber.

A collecting plastic tank is provided to collect the mixture of dust and water at the bottom of the separating chamber.

The water recirculation system comprises of a water tank, pump, flow meter, pressure

gauge and pressure regulator. The stainless-steel water tank is located below the separation chamber and supplies water to the pump. A filter is attached to the pump inlet to prevent dust and debris from damaging the pump.

The air blower is used to draw air at a maximum rate of 300 m3/hour through the separation chamber. The inlet air velocity can be adjusted by varying the air blower speed. The dust feeding system is used to simulate pollution in the air stream before entering the separation chamber.

The systems main frame is made of welded mild steel. The frame is epoxy-coated for

aesthetics, durability and heat and corrosion resistance. A control panel is mounted on the steel frame as well to house all the electrical and electronic components.

TRAINING AIMS / EXPERIMENTS LIST

Understanding of air scrubber system.

Understanding the working principles of air scrubber system.

To demonstrate and simulate dust pollution control using a venturi scrubber.

To study the effect of air velocity and water flow rate on separation efficiency.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Venturi tube

Made of transparent rigid PVC for easy observation and durability

Throat ID: 30 mm

Inlet & outlet ID: 100 mm

Convergence angle: 10; Divergence angle: 5

Tappings at inlet & outlet for pressure drop measurement

Separation chamber

Made of transparent rigid plexiglass for easy observation and durability

Cylinder ID: 500 mm; Height: 1.6 meter

Tangentially connected to a circular inlet

Mist eliminator at top made of stainless steel

Plastic collecting tank at the bottom

Water recirculation system

Stainless steel tank with a capacity of 60 L c/w level switch

Centrifugal pump capable of delivering up to 25 LPM

Flow meter 0 - 10 LPM

Air blower

High pressure blower capable of delivering 300m3/hour @ 3000 rpm

Able to withstand up to 20kPa static pressure

Comes with inverter for regulating blower speed

Instruments & accessories

Venturi type air flow meter with differential pressure gauge. DP range: max 20kPa

Feeding system made of stainless-steel tank and flow regulating valve

Control Panel

Epoxy coated steel box

Water proof panel sticker

Housing for electrical and electronic components

Optional accessories

Digital indicators with selector switch (2 units)

Differential pressure transmitters (3 units)

Liquid flow meter (1 unit)

Data acquisition system

COMPONENTS LIST

Epoxy coated steel frame.

Clear plexiglass separating chamber.

Clear plexiglass venturi tube.

Stainless steel water tank.

Centrifugal pump.

Differential pressure gauge.

Frequency inverter.

Control panel.

Plastic collecting tank.

Air blower.

Flow meter.

Water filter.

Stainless steel dust tank.

Sci-tech Anaerobic Water Treatment System Model ENV 012demonstrates the biological anaerobic water treatment. The trainer consists basically of two units:- Stirring tank with secondary clarifier-UASBreactor

Both units can be used separately or in combination. This allows both a single stage and a dual stage operation mode. In the dual stage operation, a pump first transports the raw water into a stirred tank. In this tank the acidification of the organic substances dissolved in the raw water takes place. Here, anaerobic microorganisms convert the long-chain organic substances into short-chain organic substances. In a secondary clarifier the biomass discharged from the stirred tank is separated from the water. The separated biomass is pumped back into the stirring tank.

From the secondary clarifier the raw water pretreated in this manner reaches aUASBreactor (UASB: Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket). Here the final step of the anaerobic degradation takes place. The previously formed short-chain substances are converted by special microorganisms into biogas (methane and carbon dioxide). Flow through theUASBreactor is from the bottom to the top. At the top of theUASBreactor there is a separation system. This separates the generated gas from the treated water. It also ensures that the biomass remains in the reactor. The gas can be discharged externally or collected. The treated water exits at the top end of the reactor and is collected in a tank.

To adjust the flow velocity in theUASBreactor a of the treated water can be re-circulated.

The temperatures in the stirred tank and theUASBreactor can be controlled. The pH value in the stirred tank is measured. In addition, the pH value in theUASBreactor can be controlled. A software and webcam are available for data acquisition and visual inspection.

Anaerobic biomass and analysis technology are required to perform the experiments. Recommended parameters are:COD(chemical oxygen demand), nitrogen and phosphor.

Specifications

1. Anaerobic degradation of organic substances

2. Stirred tank with secondary clarifier

3. UASBreactor with separation system

4. Separate supply unit with tanks for raw water and treated water

5. Single stage or dual stage operation mode

6. Temperatures in the stirred tank and theUASBreactor can be controlled

7. Control of the pH value in theUASBreactor

8. Software for data acquisition viaUSBunder Windows 7 (Optional)

9. Visual inspection with webcam (Optional)

Technical Specifications

Tanks

stirred tank: 30L

secondary clarifier: 30L

UASBreactor: 50L

tank for raw water: 180L

tank for treated water: 180L

Flow rates (max.)

raw water pump: 25L/h

return sludge pump: 25L/h

circulation pump: 100L/h

metering pumps: 2x 2, 1L/h

Measuring ranges

pH value: 014

temperature: 0100C

Optional:a) Sci-Cal SCADA Computer Control Software & Interface

Experiments:

Familiarization with anaerobic water treatment

Effects of temperature and pH value on anaerobic degradation

Functional principle of aUASBreactor

Comparison of single stage and dual stage operation mode

Monitoring and optimization of the operating conditions

Identification of the following influencing factors

o sludge loading

o volumetric loading

o flow velocity in theUASBreactor

Ion exchangers are used in water treatment primarily for desalination and softening.Sci-tech Ion Exchange Chamber Model ENV 013 enables these processes to be demonstrated with the aid of cation and anion exchangers.

The raw water is pumped from the tank into the top of the cation exchanger. In the softening process the water flows from there back into the collecting tank. To desalinate the raw water, it is then additionally routed through the anion exchanger. From there the treated water passes into the collecting tank. In the regeneration process, acid or caustic is fed into the ion exchangers from below using the same pump. The acid and caustic used is collected in the collecting tank.

The flow rate of the pump is adjustable, and can be read from a flow meter before it enters the first ion exchanger. For continuous evaluation of the process, a conductivity sensor is installed upstream of the inlet into the collecting tank. The measured values can be read from a conductivity meter. Samples can be taken at all relevant points. Tap water can be used as raw water.

Specifications

1. Softening and desalination with ion exchange

2. Cation and anion exchangers usable separately and in combination

3. Regeneration of ion exchangers

4. Tank with 4 chambers for raw water, rinsing water, acid and caustic

5. Diaphragm pump to transport raw water, rinsing water, acid and caustic

6. Collecting tank for treated water, rinsing water, acid and caustic

7. Continuous measurement of conductivity and flow rate

Technical Specifications

Ion exchanger

material: network polymer

cation exchanger: H⁺form

anion exchanger: OH^-form

Diaphragm pump

max. flow rate: 300mL/min

max. head: 10m

Tank

4 chambers

capacity: each approx. 5L

material:PVC

Collecting tank

capacity: approx. 20L

material:PVC

Measuring ranges

flow rate: 20270ml/min

conductivity: 02000S/cm

Experiments:

Learning the fundamental principle of softening and desalination by ion exchange

Identification of the different modes of operation of cation and anion exchangers

Combined use of cation and anion exchangers for desalination

Exchanging capacities and regeneration

Verification of the theoretically calculated regeneration time

Coagulation - flocculation - settling processes are generally used to separate colloids from water, as in this case natural settling speed is too slow to obtain a sufficient clarification. Sci-tech Coagulation, Flocculation and Settling Pilot Plant Model ENV 014 enables to study the coagulation, flocculation and settling processes separately or simultaneously and it mainly consists of a stirred feed tank, of two tanks for flocculant and coagulant, of a stirred coagulation tank, of a stirred flocculation tank and of a plate settler.

Process control, data acquisition and supervision are automatically carried out by a microprocessor controller and by a specific control and supervision software that enables the remote control of various operational parameters.

Specifications

Framework of AISI 304 stainless steel with castors

Cylindrical feed tank of transparent methacrylate for the water to be treated with submersible pump and capacity of 300 l

Feed tank of transparent methacrylate for coagulant with capacity of 60 l

Feed tank of glass for flocculant, provided with hot-plate magnetic stirrer, with capacity of 0.5 l

Coagulation reactor of borosilicate glass, equipped with motor-driven stirrer (0 to 300 r.p.m.), with capacity of 30 l

Flocculation reactor of borosilicate glass, equipped with motor-driven stirrer (0 to 100 r.p.m.), with capacity of 8 l

Rectangular settler of transparent methacrylate with conical bottom and movable plates for its operation in co-current and counter-current

Flowmeter of AISI 304 stainless steel for measuring feed flow rate with range of 30 to 300 l/h

Flowmeter of coagulant feed with range of 2 to 20 l/h

Feed screw pump with casing and screw of AISI 316 stainless steel and flow rate of 0 to 200 l/h

Electronic frequency variator for screw pump

Gear feed pump of AISI 316 stainless steel for coagulant, with flow-rate of 0 to 50 l/h

Metering pump of flocculant, with flow rate of 0 to 200 ml/h

Switchboard IP55, complying with EC conformity mark, including plant synoptic and ELCB

Besides being provided with all the technical characteristics of ENV 014, this model also includes the following additional equipment:

Digital microprocessor PID controller, with two control loops

Optional Supervision software for Windows: it enables to control ON-OFF signals, analog signals coming from PID controller, real- time trend and historical trend

OPTIONAL

Sci-Cal SCADA Computer Control Software & Interface

Experiments

The process unit enables to develop and analyze the following issues:

• Coagulation
• Flocculation
• Co-current and counter-current settling
• Characteristics of coagulant and of flocculants
• Optimization of coagulation flocculation and settling processes
• Automatic PID control
• plant supervision

Sci-tech Filtration Pilot Plant Model ENV 015 mainly consists of a sand filter and of an activated carbon filter; filtered water is collected into a tank of stainless steel from which samples for proper laboratory analyses can be extracted. An in-line turbidimeter enables to measure the turbidity of water flowing in and out of filters.

Process control, data acquisition and supervision are automatically carried out by a microprocessor controller and by a specific control and supervision software (only for automatic plant) that enables the remote control of various operational parameters.

Specifications

Framework of AISI 304 stainless steel with castors

Sand filter of borosilicate glass with decreasing particle size and capacity of 30 l

Activated carbon filter of borosilicate glass with capacity of 30 l

4 pressure gauges, with range of 0 to 10 m of water column

Centrifugal pump with casing and rotor of AISI 304 stainless steel and flow-rate of 3000 l/h

Variable area flowmeter of AISI 304 stainless steel, with range of 100 to 1000 l/h

Metering pump of plastic material for sodium hypochlorite, with flow rate of 3 l/h

Metering pump of plastic material for flocculant, with flowrate of 3 l/h

2 feed tanks of AISI 304 stainless steel with capacity of 120 l

Tank of AISI 304 stainless steel for collecting the filtered water with capacity of 200 l

Thermo-resistance Pt 100 with sheath of AISI 316 stainless steel

Board-type electronic temperature indicator

Connecting lines and valves of AISI 304 and 316 stainless steel

Besides being provided with all the technical characteristics of optional automatic, this model also includes the following additional equipment:

Pneumatic control valve of stainless steel AISI 316 for feed flow rate of water, Cv = 2.5

Electro-pneumatic converter (4 to 20 A / 0.2 to 1 bar)

Digital microprocessor PID controller

Electronic turbidimeter for measuring the turbidity of the water fl owing in and out of filters, with programmable range and 4 to 20 mA output signal

Supervision software for Windows: it enables to control ONOFF signals, analog signals coming from PID controller, real-time trend and historical trend

Experiments

The process unit enables to develop and analyze the following issues:

mechanical filtration

chemical filtration

main parameters affecting filtration

influence of feed flow rate on filtration

Optional automatic PID control

Optional plant supervision

Sci-tech Aerobic Water Treatment Pilot Plant Model ENV 018 is an activated sludge pilot plant consists of an oxidation reactor and of a settler according to the traditional diagram of single-stage sewage treatment process.

Biomass is oxidized in a reactor with agitator by the air blown by a compressor. The processed liquid is then sent to the settler.

The sludges settling on settler bottom are recycled by a recirculation pump into the oxidation tank.

The water flowing out of the settler is conveyed to a drain.

Data acquisition is carried out by a specific software.

Specifications

AISI 304 stainless steel framework with castors

Feed tank, 300 L capacity

Cylindrical oxidation reactor of transparent methacrylate, 60 L capacity, including an AISI 304 stainless steel

agitator with motor and air diffuser

Settler of transparent methacrylate, 30 L capacity

Peristaltic feed pump

Sludge recirculation peristaltic pump

Diaphragm compressor with body of stainless steel

Microprocessor-controlled board-type pH-meter, with range of 2 to 12 pH, 4 to 20 mA output signal

Microprocessor-controlled board-type rH-meter, with range of -1500 and +1500 mV, 4 to 20 mA output signal

Microprocessor-controlled board-type dissolved oxygen meter, with range of 0 and 20 ppm, 4 to 20 mA output

signal

Electronic flow-meter for measuring air flow rate to reactor

Optional

Sci-Cal DAQ software enables the operator to select the appropriate stage of the process and a mimic diagram with measured variables is displayed. The speed of the pump can be varied to meet the required flow rate.

Results are saved in a log, which can be viewed and manipulated with the Sci-Cal results viewer. Results can be printed or exported in a spreadsheet format, which can be opened in a wide range of packages for further analysis.

Experiments

The process unit enables to develop and analyze the following issues:

Purification efficiency versus the following parameters:

- composition of water to be treated

- residence time

- organic load

- pH in oxidation tank

- concentration of dissolved oxygen

During sorting, a solid compound is separated according to its material characteristics.

Magnetic separation is a method of sorting which utilises the magnetic ability of components of a solid compound. Magnetic separators are often used in coal and ore preparation.

Sci-tech Magnetic Separation Apparatus Model ENV 026 enables the solid compound to be separated is charged into the feed hopper. A vibrating trough conveys the compound onto a rotating, non-magnetic drum. Its speed can be adjusted by way of a potentiometer. In one area of the drum there is a fixed permanent magnet. Non-magnetizable components drop into a collector tank due to gravity. Magnetizable components adhere to the drum in the area of the magnet, are carried along and drop into a different tank as soon as they are beyond the magnetic zone. The mass flow of the feed material can be adjusted by way of the distance of the hopper outlet from the vibrating trough and by the throw and frequency of the trough. A mixture of sand and small steel items, such as hexagon nuts, is recommended and supplied for use as the feed material

Specifications

1. Drum-type magnetic separator for separation of magnetizable components from a solid compound

2. Separation by a fixed permanent magnet in an area of a rotating, non-magnetic drum

3. Feed hopper with vibrating trough for feed of solid compound to drum

4. Dosage of feed material by way of distance of hopper outlet from vibrating trough, throw and frequency of vibrating trough

5. Drum rotation speed adjustable by electric motor with potentiometer

6. 2 steel tanks for separated fractions and 1 tank for solid compound

7. Feed material: sand and hexagon nuts

Technical Specifications

Feed hopper capacity: 25L

Mass flow: 100 to 150 Kg/Hr as required

Vibrating trough

throw: 0, 21, 5mm

vibration frequency: 50Hz or 100Hz

Rotating Drum

Magnetic Field Range: 180⁰

220mm

length: 300mm

magnetic field range: 180

speed: 030 rpm

speed adjustable: via potentiometer or optionally through computer interface

Motor

power consumption: 250W

Max. particle size

non-magnetic: 20mm to 30mm

magnetic: 20mm to 30mm

Tanks

2x 15L

1x 20L

Body:

Mild steel (Optional SS304)

Portability through lockable wheels at the base

Optionally, Sci-tech offers Sci-Cal software for data acquisition and an educational software.

Experiment Possibilities

1. Familiarization with the fundamental principle and the method of operation of a drum-type magnetic separator

2. Efficiency of separation process dependent on

3. Mass flow of feed material

4. Mixing ratio of feed material

5. Type of feed material

6. Drum rotation speed

Sci-tech Three Phase Crude Oil or Drilled Crude Horizontal Separator Apparatus Model ENV 028 is designed as horizontal, but also available vertical pressure vessel (Model ENV028V). Above figure is a schematic of a horizontal separator. The fluid enters the separator and hits an inlet diverter. This sudden change in momentum does the initial gross separation of liquid and vapor as in a Two-Phase Separator. In most designs, the inlet diverter contains a downcomer that directs the liquid flow below the oil/water interface. This forces the inlet mixture of oil and water to mix with the water continuous phase in the bottom of the vessel and rise through the oil/water interface. This process is called water-washing, and it promotes the coalescence of water droplets which are entrained in the oilcontinuous phase. The inlet diverter assures that little gas is carried with the liquid, and the water wash assures that the liquid does not fall on top of the gas/oil or oil/water interface, mixing the liquid retained in the vessel and making control of the oil/water interface difficult.

The liquid collecting section of the vessel provides sufficient time so that the oil and emulsion form a layer or oil pad at the top. The free water settles to the bottom. Figure illustrates a typical horizontal separator with an interface controller and weir. The weir maintains the oil level and the level controller maintains the water level. The oil is skimmed over the weir. The level of the oil downstream of the weir is controlled by a level controller that operates the oil dump valve. The produced water flows from a nozzle in the vessel located upstream of the oil weir. An interface level controller senses the height of the oil/water interface. The controller sends a signal to the water dump valve thus allowing the correct amount of water to leave the vessel so that the oil/water interface is maintained at the design height. The gas flows horizontally and out through a mist extractor to a pressure control valve that maintains constant vessel pressure. The level of the gas/oil interface can vary from half the diameter to 75% of the diameter depending on the relative importance of liquid/gas separation. The most common configuration is half full, and this is used for the design equations. Similar equations can be developed for other interface levels.

Specifications

1. Mixture Tank Material: Poly-carbonate Cylinder

2. Mixture Tank Dimensions: 900mm L X 300mm Diameter.

3. Oil Tank: @ 50 Litres

4. Water Tank: @ 50 75Litres

5. Oil & Water Tanks: 304 SS

6. Oil Pump: Geared 1/HP, 10 LPM

7. Water Pump: Centrifugal Pump, HP, 100 LPM

8. Air Compressor/Pump: 0.75HP, 100 LPM

9. Pressure Relief Valve, SS, 010 Bar

10. Optional DAQ interface Flow Sensors, Pressure Sensor, & Temperature Sensor.

11. Control Panel

a) Optional 11 Touch Screen HMI for measurements & Control

a) Mains ON/OFF MCB

b) Oil, Water & Air Pump Mushroom Switch ON/OFF with LED indicators.

c) Optional VFDs for control of Oil, Water & Air Flow.

Optional: Sci-tech Three Phase Horizontal Separator Model ENV 028 with Wireless Wi-Fi controlledavailable with:

a) DAQ interface as model ENV 028-DAQ

b) PLC controlled model as ENV-028-PLC

c) SCADA controlled model as ENV 028-SCADA

Experiments

1. Control of oil/water/gas mixture flow control and measurements of time for separation of oil from water while monitoring pressure and temperature of the tank.

2. Repeat of process at different flow measurement speeds.

3. Obtain a desired oil pad height using equations.

Hydrokinetic energy isthe energy generated by the movement of a body of water. The earth 's tides, waves, ocean currents and free-flowing rivers contain an untapped, powerful, highly-concentrated and clean energy resource HK systems are a class of zero-head hydropower wherebyenergy is extracted from the kinetic energy of flowing water, similar to wind turbines, rather than the potential energy of falling water. These systems can be installed in free-flowing rivers or streams. Marine energy, also known as marine and hydrokinetic energy or marine renewable energy, is a renewable power source that isharnessed from the natural movement of water, including waves, tides, and river and ocean currents. Hydrokinetic devices can beplaced directly in the stream of flowing waterand the kinetic energy of the flowing water is converted to mechanical energy that drives a generator to produce electricity. The main field of application of hydrokinetic turbines is the irrigation canals and waterways, and ocean currents. The main advantage is thatthey do not require any infrastructure like a penstock or powerhouse to create the head or to install the turbine, and they have an almost negligible environmental impact. Hydrokinetic turbine types: (a)Axial-flow turbine; (b) Cross-flow turbine. Figure 2. Axial flow turbines: (a) Non-submerged generator; (b) Submerged generators. Cross-flow turbines have been developed to overcome the problems of axial flow turbines in water. Specifications 1. Overall Flume Dimensions: 2000L x 400W x 400H in mm 2. Transparent viewing area of H x W x L = 375 x 300 x 1015 mm 3. Blade assembly: 3 Rotor blades technology 4. Electro-magnetic brake system: @ 10Kg-cm 5. Power Generation: 10W 100Watts max. 6. Computer interface & Software: Includes DAQ, SCADA software, interface & software on 11 HMI touch screen & standard in-built computer system. 7. Accessories: All required accessories & tools provided for installation and experimenting. Experimental setupThe prototypes were tested at a water velocity ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 m/s on a special setup designed for testing small scale axial hydraulic turbines [9], [10]. This closed-loop setup is provided with a transparent viewing area of H x W x L = 375 x 300 x 1015 mm, where the prototype is also located. This area is opened at the upper side, creating the conditions for free surface flow. The water velocity can be varied in the range of 0.05 1.1 m/s. All tests were performed for the maximum water depth allowed by the experimental bench in order to minimize the influence of the free surface and the turbulence at high water velocities. The hydrokinetic turbine is placed equidistant at 50 mm between the free surface and the bottom of the channel. The sustaining system presented in figure 3 is designed for an easy and safe attachment of the tested turbines. The turbine shaft is coupled to an angular adapter which transmits the horizontal motion into a vertical plane to the torque transducer and the electromagnetic particle brake, (maximum torque of 2 Nm and 0.1% accuracy of full scale), coupled to a data acquisition system. Evaluation of the water velocityThe first step carried out was to evaluate the reference mean water velocity by investigating the velocity field with a Pitot-Prandl tube. The tube is connected to a differential pressure sensor which transmits the data to a central unit for data acquisition and storage. The measured differential pressure, p, represents the dynamic pressure of the flow and is used to compute the velocity as V = 2p r , where is the water density. For each flow regime, several measurements were conducted in the middle of the channel, moving the Pitot-Prandtl tube on vertical direction, from the free surface to the bottom of the channel. The resulted values corresponding to the reference velocity of the water of 1 m/s are presented in figure. Given the measured velocity distribution, the flowra

Renewable energies are energy sources that are continuously being replenished by natural processes that occur on human timescales. In contrast, fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, oil) require millions of years of geological processes to form. Our resources of fossil and nuclear fuels (e.g. uranium) are limited. Regenerative energies, on the other hand, are virtually in exhaustible. Wind energy is a form of solar energy. Wind energy (or wind power) describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. A generator can convert mechanical power into electricity. Mechanical power can also be utilized directly for specific tasks such as pumping water. Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to provide the mechanical power to turn electric generators. Wind power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources. Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines, which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electric power, competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land and offshore farms have less visual impact, but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher. Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electric power to isolated off-grid locations. Solar PV Cells energy (or Solar power) describes the process by which wind is used to generate electricity. Solar PV Cells converts the Solar energy into electrical power. DC to AC inverters are used to convert DC energy derived from PV Cells in AC energy or AC Power Supply. Solar power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable, widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of non-renewable power sources. Solar farms consist of many individual PV Cells, which are connected to the electric power transmission network. Specifications for Wind Generator DC Motor Drive Control panel: - 2 pole 1 6A MCB of 230 V 50Hz. - 300V DC Voltmeter & 5A DC Ammeter - 0-200V Variable Armature Output and Fixed 200V Field Output DC Ammeter panel: - 3 Nos of 0-20A DC Ammeter DC Circuit Breaker panel: - 3 Nos of 1 16A MCB Circuit Breaker. Battery Bank Junction Panel: - 2 pole 1 16A ELCB Switch. Dump Load panel: - 0.5 /100W resistive load. Socket Panel: - 3 Nos of Screw Base Lamp Socket. - 2 Nos of 1 AC Electrical Socket. Switch Panel: - 1 Nos of 16A Cam operated rotary Horizontal Switch. - 1 Nos of 16A Cam operated rotary Vertical Switch. - 2 Nos of AC/DC switch. - 3 Nos of Stop (Toggle) Switch Bus Bar & Distribution Panel: - 12V DC bus bar - 12V DC Distribution bar Battery Charger Control Panel: - 3 Battery Charger with DC Energy Meter to measure DC parameter of Battery. 3 Phase Multifunction Meter - 1 Nos. of 3 Phase Multifunction Meter to measure AC voltage, current, power etc Energy Meter Panel: - 1 AC two wires static kWh Meter with 2 pole 1 16A ELCB Switch. Inverter Panel: - 900VA pure sine wave Inverter with AC Output Indicator. Battery Panel: - 12V, 100Ah Tubular Battery for storage. Wind Simulator: - Wind Simulator with DC Shunt Motor and 3 Al

Forces are developed when a fluid jet impinges on a stationary or moving body according to the principle of linear momentum. Several fluid flow devices utilize the forces generated by the change of momentum. For example, some hydro-electric power plants use jets of water turn Pelton turbines. Also, it is essential to design devices to withstand forces caused by the changes in momentum of fluids. Study of the effect of jet impingement on plane and curved surfaces and hence the forces generated are important for students of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Engineering.

Sci-tech Impact of Jet Apparatus Model FM 01 has been designed to measure the force generated by the impingement of the jet of water on a stationary object and to demonstrate the principle of linear momentum. The apparatus can be used with the FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard makes of Hydraulic Benches. The Unit can also be connected to any controlled water supply network when a drain is available. The apparatus consists of a Plexiglas cylindrical shell which houses the nozzle and the deflector and enables visualization of flow inside. A jet of water ejected from the nozzle vertically upwards impinges on a target deflector which is carried on the stem extending through the cover. The resulting force lifts the set of dead weights which gives the direct measurement of the jet impact forces. Target deflectors can be changed easily and the apparatus can be leveled. Suitable piping has been provided to drain water from the unit. Five types of target deflectors are provided. As an option, Electronic Balance with Digital Display can be supplied instead of the dead weight system for force measurement and computer compatibility.

Options

Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Impact of Jet Apparatus

Demonstration Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution

Experiments

1. Familiarization with the force measurements.

2. Demonstration of the principle of linear momentum.

3. Measurement of jet impact forces on various target deflectors.

4. Study of jet impact forces at various jet velocities.

5. Comparison of measured jet impact forces with the theory.

Measurements

1. Jet exit velocity from flow rate measurements.

2. Jet impact force from the direct measurements using dead weights or an Electronic Balance.

Important Features and Component Specifications

1. Cylindrical shell, Plexiglas, 250 mm diameter, 400 mm height.

2. Base plate with leveling screws, steel frame, and powder coated for

Corrosion resistance, 400 mm X 400 mm X 36 mm.

3. Target deflectors, 180⁰ hemi-spherical, 120⁰ Cone, 30⁰ flat target (see option 1)

4. Nozzle, 8 mm diameter.

5. Impact surfaces:

180 hemispherical surface.

120 curve surface.

90 flat surface

6. Impact force measurement system consisting of compression spring, dead weights, weight pan and level gauge, capacity: 40N. (See option-2)

7. Set of dead weights 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 grams.

8. Distance between the nozzle and target deflector: 30 mm.

Options

1. Any other type of target deflector can be supplied on request.

2. Electronics Digital Balance with Digital Display, capacity: 40N with PC based data Acquisition system for jet impact force measurements instead of dead weight system.

3. A self contained unit of Impact of Jet Apparatus with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter and a sump tank can be supplied.

Weirs are generally used in rivers and other open channels to regulate and measure the flow rate.

Weirs have various cross sections and the flow rate depends on the water levels both upstream and down stream of the weir. A sharp edged notch cut out of a metal plate is a form of a weir more suitable for flow measurements. The cut outs may be of any shape, however rectangular and V-shaped notches are commonly used. Study of the flow over weirs is an important experiment for students of Hydraulics Engineering and Fluid Mechanics.

The Sci-tech Flow over Weirs & Notches Apparatus Model FM 02 has been designed to demonstrate the characteristics of flow over rectangular and V-notches and to determine the coefficient of discharge. The apparatus can be used with the FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard makes of Hydraulic Benches having a channel and a provision to fix the notch for studies.

Notches are fixed to the weir carrier at the end of the channel in the Hydraulic Bench. Water is fed into the channel section and is allowed to flow over the weir. Special delivery nozzle and two stilling baffles are located in the channel of the Hydraulic Bench to provide smooth flow upstream of the weir. A vernier hook and point gauge is provided to measure the overflow height.

OPTION

Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Flow over Weirs & Notches Demonstration Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution

Experiments

1. Demonstration of the flow over the rectangular notch.

2. Demonstration of the flow over the V-notch.

3. Study of discharge Vs head over the notch characteristics.

4. Determination of the co-efficient of discharge of weirs.

Measurements:

1. Overflow height or head over the notch.

2. Volumetric flow rate from measuring tank of the Hydraulic Bench.

Important Specifications

1. Wear Plates, PVC, 6 Nos., Overall size, 260mm X 160mm X 4mm. with the following

notch geometry: (a) Rectangular, width: 50mm, height: 80mm. (b) V-notch, 90⁰ inclusiveangle, width across top: 50mm. (c) V-notch, 450 inclusive angle, width across top: 50mm. (d) V-notch, 1200 inclusive angle, width across top: 50mm. (e) Trapezoidal weir 30mm (f) Trapezoidal weir 50mm (g) Dog bone weir

2. Hook and Point Gauge, range: 0-160mm, accuracy: 0.1mm.

Options:

1. The overall dimensions of the wear plates can be modified to suit the existing Hydraulic Bench

2. Different types of notches will be supplied on request.

3. A self-contained unit of Flow over Weir Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

Sci-tech Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 03 is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institutions.

The Bernoullis Theorem states that the sum of pressure head, velocity head and the potential head is constant along a streamline for a steady, in viscid and incompressible flow of fluid. The Sci-tech Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 03 is a bench top unit and has beendesigned to demonstrate the Bernoullis Theorem. The apparatus consists of a transparent venturi tube.Wall pressure tapings are provided along the converging and diverging portions of the venturi to measure the static pressure distribution. Pitot tubes are provided to along the centre line of the venturi. Static pressures are measured using multi-tube manometer having a manifold with an air bleed valve. Manometer can be pressurized by a hand pump. The characteristics of the flow in both convergent and divergent portions of the venturi can be studied. This apparatus can also be used to conduct laboratory experiments to (a) demonstrate the continuity equation and (b) determine the co-efficient of discharge of venturi as a flow measurement device. Water is supplied by a hose connection at the inlet and controlled by a valve at the outlet of the venturi. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. The FM 100F Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

Options

Sci-Cal Computer based learning software can be offered to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs.

List of Experiments

Following is the list of experiments that can be carried out using the Bernoullis Theorem

Demonstration Apparatus:

1. Familiarization with static and total pressure measurements.

2. Demonstration of continuity equation.

3. Demonstration of Bernoullis theorem.

4. Measurement and display of static pressure variation along the venturi at different flow rates.

5. Investigation of static pressure, flow velocity and total pressure variation along the venturi.

6. Determination of co-efficient of discharge of the venturi.

7. Study of venturi tube as a flow measurement device.

Measurements:

1. Static pressures along the venturi.

2. Total pressures along the venturi.

3. Volume flow rate from Hydraulic Bench or direct measurements.

Specifications:

1. Venturi tube, transparent, made of clear Acrylic and having convergent and divergent portions, throat diameter: 16.0mm, maximum diameter: 26mm, upstream taper: 14⁰, downstream taper: 21⁰.

2. No. of static pressure taps: 7.

3. No. of Pitot tubes: 7.

4. Multi-tube manometer, 0-300 mm water column, No. of tubes: 11.

5. Optional Sci-tech Hydraulic Bench Model FM 100F

Options:

1) A self contained unit of Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

Optional: Sci-cal Software & Interface: Sci-tech software, interface & related sensors enable plotting of require graphs through the formulae integrated into software. The students can carry out experiments and see graphs and results in Labview.

Depending on the measurement method, the measured values can be read off the analogue manometer or digital displays. The measured values are transmitted directly to a PC via USB. The data acquisition software is included.

Orifice is a simple device used to measure fluid flow in pipes. Sci-tech Orifice Discharge Apparatus Model FM 04 has been designed to enable students to determine the co-efficient of discharge of sharp edged orifice and nozzles. It consists of a vertically mounted cylindrical transparent plastic water tank. Water is supplied from the hydraulic bench or any closed circuit controlled water supply system. The orifice is fitted in the base of the tank using special fittings flush with the inside surface. The head above the orifice is maintained constant using adjustable overflow pipe and the level is indicated by the level scale.

The flow rate through the orifice can be varied by adjusting the level of the overflow pipe suitably and hence the head over the orifice. Water emerging from the orifice is collected in the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench to make actual discharge measurements. A pitot tube with a traversing device is provided to measure the jet diameter and locate the vena contract to enable determination of contraction co-efficient. The pitot head and the total head over the orifice is measured using manometer tubes fixed adjacent to the tank. A set of four nozzles is also provided in addition to the sharp edged orifice to study the effect of geometry on the co-efficient

of discharge.

The Orifice Discharge Apparatus is designed to fit onto the platform of Sci-tech Hydraulic Bench FM100 or any other standard hydraulic bench models. Adjustable feet are provided to permit accurate leveling of the equipment before use.

The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials.

The Orifice Discharge Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution

OPTION:

Sci-Cal Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs.

.

List of experiments:

1. Study of flow through orifice.

2. Investigation of water jet through orifice.

3. Locating vena contract in water jets.

4. Determination of co-efficient of velocity for orifice.

5. Determination of contraction co-efficient for orifice.

6. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for orifice.

7. Study of co-efficient of discharge of orifice at various heads over orifice.

8. Study of co-efficient of discharge of different nozzles.

9. Comparison of co-efficient of discharge of orifice and nozzles.

10. Repeat of experiments (1-7) for various nozzles.

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Sharp Edged Orifice, 13mm diameter.
2. Circular orifice dimensions:

Length 13 mm, with 60 contraction and 60 diverging section

Length 13 mm, with 29 mm diameter bell-mouth approach to 60 diverging section, Length 60 mm, with 29 mm diameter bell-mouth approach to 51 mm long parallel section, Length 60 mm, with 29 mm diameter bell-mouth approach, to 30 diverging section and 25 mm long parallel section

Triangular orifice dimensions: Each side nominally 12.1 mm, including 1.5 mm corner radius

Square orifice dimensions: 9 mm square

3. Orifice material: Aluminum

4. Square Plexiglas tank, clear transparent, 300 x 300mm. 500mm height, Supported on tripod legs with provision for leveling, removable with adjustable constant head.
5. Maximum constant head: 420mm.
6. Max. Flow rate: 14 Lpm
7. Pitot tube, positioning and traversing unit with micrometer with 0.01mm division, to measure jet diameter and pitot head profiles.
8. Level Indicator: 500mm WC.

Optional Computer based learning software is included to enable students

Options:

1. A self contained unit of Orifice Discharge Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. Orifices and Nozzles of different geometries will be supplied on request.

Study of pressure losses in bends and fittings in any pipe system is useful in view of the loss of head and consequent pumping power requirements. Sci-tech Pressure Loss in Bends and Fittings Apparatus Model FM05 is important equipment for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Engineering Laboratory of an educational institution. The Pressure Loss in Bends and Fittings apparatus has been designed to enable students to measure pressure losses across various types of bends and fittings in a typical pipe system.

The apparatus, including the instrumentation for pressure measurements, is mounted in a robust vertical frame work mounted on wheels. The study devices include bends of small and large radius, 45⁰ mitre bend, 90⁰ elbow, sudden enlargement and contraction and a gate valve. All these devices are equipped with pressure tapings both in the upstream and the downstream to measure the pressure drop. Pressure tapings across bends and fittings are connected to a multi-tube water manometer mounted on the frame work.

A hand pump with a non-return valve is used to pressurize manometers. Pressure tapings across the gate valve is connected to the Bourdon tube pressure gauge. Another gate valve is provided at the downstream of the apparatus to vary the water flow rate through the devices. The FM 100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

OPTION:

Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Pressure Losses in Bends & Fittings, is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

List of experiments:

1. Measurement of pressure losses across different kinds of bends, fittings and gate valve at various water flow rates.

2. Calculation of pressure loss co-efficient at various flow rates and comparison with the data available in the literature.

3. Comparison of pressure loss co-efficient for different bends.

4. Determination of pressure drop Vs flow characteristic curve for different openings of the gate valve.

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Nominal pipe diameter: 25mm.

2. Pipe, bends and fittings made of Plastic.

3. Manometer, Range: 0-500mm WC, No. of tubes: 14, differential manometers: 7.

4. Enlargement diameter: 24mm.

5. Contraction diameter: 13.5mm.

6. Study devices : Short bend, large bend, 45⁰ mitre bend, 90⁰ elbow, enlargement, contraction, gate valve.

Options:

1. A self contained unit of Pressure Loss in Bends and Fittings apparatus mounted on a mobile platform and with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. Other types of bends, fittings and valves for studies can be incorporated on request.

Analysis of any fluid flow problem depends upon the laminar, transitional or turbulent nature of the fluid flow. Visualization and understanding and of the laminar, transitional and turbulent nature of flows is important for students of fluid mechanics, hydraulics and related areas in science and technology.

Sci-tech Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 06 is a bench top flow visualization unit and has been designed to demonstrate the laminar, transitional and turbulent flows. The apparatus consists of a vertical flow visualization glass pipe with a bell mouth entry through which water flows with minimum flow disturbances. The laminar, transitional and turbulent flows can be obtained by varying the water flow rate using the membrane type flow control valve fixed at the exit of the flow visualization pipe. Water flow rate and hence the flow velocity is measured by the volumetric measuring tank (of the hydraulic bench). Water is supplied to the flow visualization pipe from the supply tank at a constant head. The supply tank consists of glass beads to reduce flow disturbances. Flow patterns are visualized using dye injection through a needle valve. The dye injection rate can be controlled and adjusted to improve the quality of flow patterns. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. Sci-tech FM 100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Flow visualization pipe, glass, 10mm internal diameter, 700mm long with membrane type flow control valve at exit.

2. Supply tank, 4 liters capacity, with glass beads for flow improvement and bell mouth at the exit.

3. Dye reservoir and injector, 0.45 liter capacity, with needle valve at exit.

4. Optional Heater Module on a separate free-standing unit. Heater Module connects to the water supply line to heat the water, varying its temperature and viscosity. Heater Controls vary the electrical heat input and the flow rate, to give steady conditions over a range of temperatures

Options:

A) Interactive Computer Aided Instruction Software System

B) Horizontal type Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus available, Model FM 06H

C) A self-contained unit of Osborne Reynolds Demonstration Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

List of Experiments:

1. Dye flow visualization of laminar, transitional and turbulent flows.

2. Study of change of flow pattern from laminar to turbulent type as a function of Reynolds number.

3. Calculation of critical velocities and critical Reynolds numbers.

4. Study of pipe flows and related Reynolds number correlations.

5. Correlation of Reynolds number and the nature of flow and comparison with the data available in the literature.

6. Investigation of the effect of varying viscosity and demonstration that the Reynolds number at transition is independent of viscosity

Study of pressure loss in pipes is important in view of the loss of head due to friction and consequent pumping power requirements in any pipe system. Sci-tech Pressure Loss in a Pipe Apparatus Model FM 07 is an experimental set-up necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Sci-tech Pressure Loss in a Pipe Apparatus Model FM 07 has been designed to enable students to measure loss of head due to friction in a pipe and to study the effect of change in flow velocity. Laminar and turbulent flow regimes can be obtained by varying the flow velocity and hence the flow Reynolds number. The apparatus consists of a horizontal test pipe with static pressure tapings at the upstream and downstream ends to measure head loss due to friction. Extra pipe lengths are provided at the inlet and exit to allow the flow to become fully developed and to damp out the flow disturbance originating from the valves and fittings. The test pipe is mounted on a support frame and there is a provision for levelling. Water is supplied from the hydraulic bench (for higher flow rates) and the constant head feeding tank (for lower flow rates).

Pressure drop along the test pipe length is measured using the U-tube mercury manometer or the pressurized water manometer depending upon the flow velocity. These manometers are mounted with calibrated scales. The flow rate and hence the velocity though the test pipe is controlled by a regulation valve at the exit and the flow rate is measured by the flow meter or the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench. Experiments can be conducted at various flow velocities or Reynolds numbers to obtain pressure loss in laminar or turbulent flow regimes. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. Sci-tech Hydraulic Bench Model FM 100 or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

OPTION:Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface in LabVIEW

.

Experiments Possibilities

1. Study of loss of head due to friction in a circular pipe at various mean flow velocities.

2. Study of friction factors in laminar and turbulent flow regimes.

3. Demonstration of the law of resistance in laminar to turbulent flow regimes.

4. Establishment of critical Reynolds number.

5. Comparison of experimental results with the well known Moodys diagram.

Specifications:

1. Test pipe, SS 304 3mm bore, 650mm long with two static pressure taps at 500mm apart.

2. Feeding tank, capacity: 10 litres, constant water head: 900mm.

3. U-tube manometer, range: 500mm.

4. Pressurized water manometer, range: 500mm.

5. Flow meter, range: 2 LPM.

6. Ancillaries include measuring cylinder (1 litre capacity), hand pump and a sample of test pipe (100mm long).

Options

1. A self contained unit of the Pressure Loss in a Pipe Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform and with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. A digital pressure meter can be supplied as an alternative to the mercury U-tube manometer on request.

3. Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface in LabVIEW.

Study of net force due to pressure on a submerged surface and the concept of center of pressure are of importance in fluid mechanics and hydraulics engineering. This understanding is important for the design of several structures and hydraulic equipment such as dams, ship building, maritime structures and other underwater bodies. The Sci-tech Hydrostatic Force & Center of Pressure Apparatus Model FM 08 demonstrates various principles of hydrostatics and is an important experimental set-up necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

The Sci-tech Hydrostatic Force & Center of Pressure apparatus Model FM 08 has been designed to enable students measure the net hydrostatic force and the center of pressure on a submerged plane surface. The apparatus consists of a quadrant fixed to the balance arm. The balance arm is pivoted at the knife edge on the centerline of the quadrant. The quadrant is immersed in the Perspex water tank having an integral flat base.

The base of the water tank has levelling screws for accurate leveling. The balance arm is placed above the water tank and the quadrant is balanced by the adjustable counter- balance such that the rectangular end face of the quadrant is always vertical.

When the quadrant is submerged in water, the arrangement is such that only the forces acting on the rectangular end face produces a moment around the knife edge axis. The system of beam level indicator, balance pan and the adjustable counterbalance on the balance arm provide the necessary arrangement for the measurement of the resultant hydrostatic force and the center of pressure on the rectangular end face of the quadrant.

Water can be poured into the tank and may be drained through the drain cock at the base of the tank. Water level scale is provided on the side face of the quadrant. Experiments can be carried out for both partially and fully submerged cases by varying the water level in the tank. The FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water

The Sci-tech Hydrostatic Force & Center of Pressure apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution

OPTION:

Sci-Cal Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs.

List of Experiments:

1. Measurement of hydrostatic force on a fully and partially submerged vertical plane surface.

2. Determination of center of pressure on a fully and partially submerged vertical plane surface.

3. Comparison of experimental results with principles of hydrostatics.

Specifications:

1. Water tank, Perspex, Internal Size: 350Lmmx350Dmmx180mmW; Capacity: 20 liters with level adjustment support screws at the base.

2. Quadrant, 120mm internal radius, 200mm outer radius, 75mm width.

3. Balance arm.

4. Balance pan.

5. Beam level indicator.

6. Adjustable counter-balance.

7. Distance between balance pan and knife edge: 285mm.

8. Set of standard weights: 4 x 100gr; 1 x 50gr; 5 x 10gr; 1 x 5gr

9. Two Spirit levels.

10. Optional, Computer based DAQ learning software.

Sci-tech Metacentric Height Apparatus Model FM 08A demonstrates the metacentric height of a floating body and the height variation is used with Hydraulic Bench Model MH100 or a separately supplied bowl. The equipment consists of a rectangular pontoon. The centre of gravilty of the pontoon can be moved sideways by moving horizontal jockey weight. The angle of the tilt of the pontoon is indicated by a plumb bob on a scale attached. The centre of gravity of the pontoon can also be moved vertically by means of adjustable vertical weights on the mast.

Specifications

Open Tank: Made of Acrylic, for water storage. Size: 380 mm X 480 mm x 300 mm (W X B X H)

Floating Body: Made of non-corrosive transparent Acrylic material, used as floating body (Ship). Plumb, protector, weights & counter weights and mounted on this ship

Size of Floating Body: 300 mm X 300 mm x 270 mm (W X B X H)

Horizontal scale graduation: 1mm

Mast Height: 400mm with 1mm graduation

Counter Weights: Mounted on floating body, made of non-corrosive aluminum material, for making ship horizontal of floating body.

Protector: To determine the angle of tilt of ship from its axis, protractor is attached on the ship.

Plumb: Made of Stainless Steel, fitted at center of protector for vertical downward line.

Jockey weight: Made of Aluminum & copper, to provide imbalance of system. Two set of pan, each of 50 g and a set of 8 discs each weighing 50 g is supplied.

Experiment Possibilities

Determination of Metacentric Height.

Sci-tech Flow Channel Apparatus Model FM 09 is useful to carryout some basic experiments in fluid mechanics related to open channel flows and visualization of flow patterns around immersed bodies.

The Sci-tech Flow Channel Apparatus is required to demonstrate basic principles of fluid mechanics and is important equipment for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

The apparatus consists of a clear acrylic plastic open flow channel test section for flow visualization. The channel has a rectangular cross section of large depth-to-width ratio to facilitate conducting variety of experiments. Undershoot and overshoot adjustable weirs are provided at the inlet and exit ends of the channel to control the depth of flow and flow velocity. Water is supplied through a stilling tank and nozzle to ensure clean flow at the inlet of the flow channel with minimum flow disturbances. The discharge from the channel is collected in the volumetric measuring tank of the hydraulic bench and is used to determine the average flow velocity. The dye injection system consisting of a dye reservoir, flow control valve and dye injection needles are supplied to inject dye into the flow stream for the visualization of stream line patterns.

Broad and sharp crested weirs and models of various bodies such as aerofoil, cylinder and ship are supplied with the apparatus to enable several open channel flow experiments and flow visualization experiments. The apparatus has adjustable feet for leveling. The FM00 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

OPTION:

Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. Flow Channels of larger dimensions and having different features such as tilting floor and advanced instrumentation systems required for research and education can be supplied on request by the user. The Sci-tech Flow Channel Apparatus Model FM 09is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution

Experiments

1. Study of basic open channel flows with variable depth of flow.

2. Calculation of Froude number and similarity of flows.

3. Study of uniform flow, gradually varied flow and rapidly

varied flow and Froude number correlations.

4. Study of flow over different types of weirs undershoot and

over shoot weirs, broad and sharp crested weirs.

5. Study of flow under a sluice gate.

6. Visualization of streamline patterns around aerofoil, cylinder, ship model, hump etc.

7. Optional: Determination of Chezys And Mannings Coefficient For Different Aggregate Bed Using Different Notches In Hydraulic Bench

Specifications

1. Open flow channel made of clear acrylic plastic,

20mm width, 160mm depth, and 625mm length.

2. Dye reservoir, capacity: 0.5 liters

3. Dye injection needles, 5 Nos.

4. Models, 8 Nos. (a) broad crested weir (b) sharp crested weir (c) symmetrical aerofoil

(d) non-symmetrical aerofoil (e) cylinder, 15mm diameter (f) cylinder, 30mm diameter

(g) ship model and (h) hump

5. Spirit level.

Optional: 1. Computer based learning software.

2. A self contained unit of Flow Channel Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. Depth gauge to measure depth of flow in the flow channel can be supplied on request.

3. Different models as per the requirement of the user can be supplied on request.

Pressure measurement is important in any branch of Science and Engineering. Bourdon tube pressure gauges are extensively used in industry. Proper calibration of these gauges is essential to make accurate pressure measurements. Calibration using dead weights is a direct method commonly used for industrial Bourdon tube pressure gauges. Sci-tech Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator Model FM 10 is important equipment necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Sci-tech Dead Weight Pressure Gauge Calibrator Model FM 10 is a bench top dead weight pressure gauge calibrator consists of a precision machined piston and cylinder assembly mounted on levelling screws. A Bourdon gauge is supplied for calibration. The weights supplied are added to the upper end of the piston rod which is rotated to minimize friction effects. The gauge is thus subject to known pressures which may be compared with the gauge readings and an error curve drawn. Detailed Operation & Maintenance Manual is provided along with the trainer.

Sci-tech Pressure Gauge Calibrator FM 10 has been designed to demonstrate the principle of calibration using dead weights and enable students calibrate a Bourdon tube pressure gauge of interest to the education and industry. It consists of a vertically mounted precision machined leak proof piston and cylinder assembly mounted on a base with leveling screws. The piston rod has an extension and a platform to place weights during calibration. A set of weights and a Bourdon tube pressure gauge are supplied with the apparatus.

The cylinder is connected to the gauge through a system of leak proof valves and flexible tubing. A non-return valve is fitted at the water supply side of the cylinder. Blanking pug is provided to drain water from the apparatus. The gauge can be subjected to known pressures by placing different weights on the piston. Applied pressures can be calculated and the values compared with the readings obtained indicated on the pressure gauge scale. The Pressure Gauge Calibrator can also be used to calibrate other Bourdon type pressure gauges with proper tubing connections.

Water can be supplied from the FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other source.

Optionally, unit allows pressure gauges to be accurately calibrated up to 300 bar, with an accuracy of 0.015%.

OPTION:

Computer based learning software can be included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. All components are manufactured from corrosion resistant material.

The Pressure Gauge Calibratoris an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Technical Specifications

• Precision machined piston and cylinder with levelling screws
• Bourdon gauge with inlet and outlet valves
• Set of weights
• Pressure gauge:Bourdon tuberange 0 to 200 KN/m2 (KPa) (Optionally 0300 bar)
• Area of Piston: 244.8 x 10-⁶ m²
• Mass of piston: 0.5kg
• Ancillary masses: 0.5kg, 1.0kg and 2.5kg

Experiment Capabilities

Study concepts of pressure = Force/Area and pressure scales

Calibration and the use of a Dead-weight Pressure Calibrator

Study of conditions necessary for the stable equilibrium of floating bodies is important for the design of floating bodies such as ships, rafts and pontoons. In order to familiarize students with the laws of floatation, it is essential to demonstrate the various principles of hydrostatics including the importance of relative positions of the center of buoyancy and the center of gravity and the metacentric height of the floating body.

The Sci-tech Stability of a Floating Body Apparatus Model FM 11 is a bench top unit designed to demonstrate the conditions for the stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium. The position of metacenter and hence the metacentric height can be varied by changing the weight distribution to obtain stable or unstable equilibrium conditions. The apparatus consists of a rectangular plastic pontoon. The center of gravity of the pontoon can be varied by changing the position of the adjustable sliding weight on a vertical mast.

Various degrees of heel can be obtained by sliding a weight along a lateral slide rod. Thus different stability conditions can be obtained be varying the positions of weights on the vertical and lateral slides. The angle of heel can be read using a plumb bob and the scale marked on the lateral slide. The Sci-tech Stability of a Floating Body Apparatus Model FM 11 is important equipment for the marine, navel architecture, civil, hydraulic and mechanical engineering laboratories of educational institutions.

The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant material. The experiments can be conducted by filling the volumetric tank of the FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other available standard hydraulic bench models.

OPTION:

Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Stability of a Floating Body Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

List of experiments:

1. Familiarization with the laws of floatation and principle of working of floating bodies.

2. Determination of center of gravity of a pontoon.

3. Determination of center of buoyancy of a pontoon.

4. Determination of angle of heel of a pontoon.

5. Determination of metacenter and metacentric height of a pontoon.

6. Study of stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium conditions

of a pontoon by varying metacentric height.

7. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical calculations.

Specifications:

1. Pontoon, rectangular, plastic, length : 325mm, width : 200mm, overall height : 450mm.

2. Angle of heel scale : +/- 30⁰.

3. Vertical sliding weight : 0.6Kg.

4. Lateral sliding weight : 0.2Kg.

5. Vertical mast height : 400mm with scale.

6. Lateral slide rod with scale.

Options:

1. Other types of floating bodies to meet specific requirements of users (for example a ship model) can be supplied on request.

2. A plastic basin of 50 liter capacity can be supplied on request. This is required in cases where volumetric tank of the hydraulic bench is not available for conducting experiments.

1. Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs.

Pumps are connected in series and parallel to obtain the required flow rate and head in several applications including domestic, industrial, irrigation and drainage. Energy is supplied to the pumps by electric motors and the potential energy of the liquid is increased by the action of the impeller rotating inside a volute casing. It is essential for students to understand the operation and performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps operating in both series and parallel connection. The is an experimental set-up necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution. The Sci-tech Series & Parallel Pump Test Apparatus Model FM 12 has been designed to enable students to study the operation and performance characteristics of typical centrifugal pumps connected by flexible tubing and valves to operate in both series and parallel mode. The apparatus can also be used to conduct experiments on a single centrifugal pump independently. The apparatus consists of two similar variable speed centrifugal pumps having independent discharge manifold connected by plastic tubing with connectors to enable quick change of operation to series or parallel modes. Shut-off valves in the pipe system enable the pumps to be connected in series or in parallel. Pumps are driven by a AC motors of adjustable speed. Motors are suspended and the driving torque is measured using torque wrench. Motor speeds and power consumption are digitally displayed on the control panel. The apparatus can be connected to the Sci-tech FM 100 Hydraulic Bench or any other hydraulic bench models to supply and re-circulate water. Bourdon tube pressure gauges are mounted at the inlet and exit of the pumps to measure increase of head across the pumps. The independent discharge manifolds have pressure gauges and flow control valves upstream of the discharge pipe and the diffuser. The flow rate through the pump system is measured using the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench and can be checked independently by water flow meters fixed at the delivery side of both pumps. The Sci-tech Series & Parallel Pump Test Apparatus is a compact unit and all components and instrumentation are placed in a robust and mobile frame. OPTIONS: Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Series & Parallel Pump Test Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution. The manual describing the theoretical and practical aspects of the apparatus, operation and maintenance, analysis of results and sample of results will be supplied with the equipment. List of Experiments Series or Parallel Centrifugal Pump Operation: 1. Study of operation and working of centrifugal pumps connected in series and parallel. 2. Study of matching of pumps, starting and stopping of pumps in series and parallel connection. 3. Determination of power requirement for series and parallel operation. 4. Determination of hydraulic power output in series and parallel operation. 5. Investigation of performance and characteristics in series and parallel operation. * Effect of pump speeds pumps to be operated at same and different speeds. * Head, discharge, speed, power and efficiency curves. Single Centrifugal Pump Operation: 1. Study of the operation and working of centrifugal pump. 2. Determination of power requirement of the pump. 3. Determination of the hydraulic power output of the pump. 4. Investigation of the performance and characteristics of centrifugal pump: * The effect of pump speed. * Head, discharge, speed, power and efficiency curves. * Non-dimensional performance curves. * Determination of specific speed. * Determination of net positive suction head. Important Features and Specifications: 1. Pumps: 2 Nos, centrifugal type, max. head: 21 m water, max. Flow rate: 90 Lpm. 2. Motors: 2 Nos, AC

Centrifugal pumps are widely used for pumping liquids in several applications including domestic, industrial, irrigation and drainage. Energy is supplied to the pump by an electric motor and the potential energy of the liquid is increased by the action of the impeller rotating inside a volute casing. It is essential for students to understand the operation and performance characteristics of centrifugal pumps. The Sci-tech Centrifugal Pump Test Apparatus Model FM 13 is an experimental set-up necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

The Sci-tech Centrifugal Pump Test Apparatus Model FM 13 has been designed to enable students to study the operation and performance characteristics of a typical centrifugal pump. The module consists of a variable speed centrifugal pump assembly having an independent discharge manifold interconnected by plastic tubing with quick release connectors. The pump is driven by a AC motor of adjustable speed. The motor is suspended and the driving torque is determined with a torque wrench. The motor speed and power consumption are digitally displayed on the control panel. The pump can be connected to the Sci-tech Hydraulic Bench FM 100 or any other hydraulic bench models to supply and re-circulate water. Bourdon tube pressure gauges are mounted at the inlet and exit of the pump to measure increase of head across the pump. The independent discharge manifold has a pressure gauge and a flow control valve upstream of the discharge pipe and the diffuser. The flow rate through the system is measured using the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench and can be checked independently by the water flow meter fixed in the discharge.

The Sci-tech Centrifugal Pump Test Apparatus is a compact unit and all components and instrumentation are placed in a robust and mobile frame.

List of Experiments:

1. Study of the operation and working of centrifugal pump.

2. Determination of power requirement of the pump.

3. Determination of the hydraulic power output of the pump.

4. Investigation of the performance and characteristics of centrifugal pump :

The effect of pump speed.

Head, discharge, speed, power and efficiency curves.

Non-dimensional performance curves.

Determination of specific speed.

Determination of net positive suction head.

Important Features and Specifications:

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Centrifugal pump size- 25.4 mm x 25.4 mm (Approx), Discharge: 15-30 lpm at 30 meter (Approx), Total head: 12 meter (Approx).

2. Driving Motor: HP, AC electric motor

3. Power Measurement

4. RPM Indicator with sensor, Range - 0 to 9999

5. Pressure Gauges: 5 Kg/ Sq. cm.

6. Vacuum Gauge: 760mm (approx)

7. Foot Valve: size: 1 (approx) Plastic

8. Energy meter

9. Stand: M.S. Structure with powder coating or Alumium profile structure.

Additional in case Hydraulic Bench not used:

10. Measuring Tank: 40 Liter non Corrosive PVC/Acrylic tank

11. Mechanical level measurement facility with scale.

12. Sump Tank: 100 Liter non Corrosive PVC/FRP tank

13. Stop Watch.

14. Piping & fittings & valves.

15. Flow measurement facility.

Measurements:

Power input to the motor.

Torque and power input to pump.

Pump rotational speed.

Pump suction and delivery pressures.

Flow rate.

Options:

1) Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Centrifugal Pump Test Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

The concept of vortex flows is important in many engineering applications of fluid mechanics. The flow circulates about a fixed center and the stream lines are concentric circles. The classification of vortex flows depends upon the functional relationship between the flow velocity and radius. In the free vortex, the flow velocity is inversely proportional to the radius and the total head in the flow field remains constant. In the forced vortex, the whole body of the fluid rotates as if it is a solid and the flow velocity is directly proportional to the radius. It is essential to demonstrate free and forced vortex flows to understand the basic concepts of fluid mechanics. The Sci-tech Free and Forced Vortices Apparatus Model FM 14is an important experimental set-up necessary for any fluid mechanics and physics laboratories of an educational institution.

The Sci-tech Free and Forced Vortices Apparatus Model FM 14 has been designed to generate free and forced vortices. It is possible to measure surface profiles and total head distributions in the vortex flow field. The apparatus consists of a transparent cylindrical tank having a hole in the center of the base to fix interchangeable push-in orifices while conducting free vortex experiments. The cylinder is mounted on a base plate having leveling screws. The free vortex is generated by discharging water from the tank through the orifice in the base. Two 12mm diameter flow entry tubes placed diametrically opposite near the wall at the base and angled at about 20⁰ to the diameter supply water imparting swirling motion to the liquid entering the vessel. Forced vortex experiments are conducted by closing the orifice at the base by a bushed plug. The forced vortex is generated in the tank by rotating the two bladed paddle positioned at the base.

The paddle rotates on a vertical shaft which is supported by the bushed plug at the base and a suitable hole in the bridge piece fitted across the diameter of the tank at the top. Water jets from the two 8mm diameter flow entry tubes placed diametrically opposite and angled at about 70⁰ to the diameter impinge on the blades and rotate the paddle. Water is drained using the 12mm diameter tubes. The bridge piece accommodates depth gauges required to map the vortex profiles. The total head in the free and forced vortex flow field is measured using a pitot probe. Colored dye can be injected into the flow using hypodermic tubes to visualize streamlines. The FM00 Hydraulic bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water. A constant head overhead tank can also be used to supply water at controlled flow rate. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant material.

specifications

1. Cylindrical tank, clear acrylic, diameter: 275mm, height; 275mm mounted on base plate with leveling screws, complete with pipe work, valve fittings and connections.

2. Height of overflow point: 200mm.

3. Orifice diameters: 8, 16 and 24mm.

4. Depth gauges at 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 110mm from center.

5. Pitot probes, 0.9mm OD, nose at 15, 25, 35 and 45mm from center.

6. Flow inlet tubes, 8 and 12 mm diameter.

7. Paddle, two bladed, 240mm overall diameter.

8. Bridge piece with scale.

9. Hypodermic tube for dye injection with dye tank and flow control valve.

10. Water manometer.

11. Bushed plug.

12. Hydraulic Bench (Not offered as part of the trainer)

Experiments

1. Demonstration of free and forced vortices.

2. Determination of surface profile of a free vortex.

3. Determination of total head variation in free vortex.

4. Dye flow visualization of stream lines in free vortex.

5. Determination of surface profile of a forced vortex.

6. Determination of total head variation in forced vortex.

7. Dye flow visualization of stream lines in forced vortex.

8. Comparison of results with theoretical predictions.

Sci-tech Hydraulic Ram Pump Demonstrator Model FM 15 uses water hammer effect to pump water. It is a simple hydraulic machine which uses the kinetic energy of a large quantity of falling water from the source to lift a smaller quantity of water to a higher elevation. It can be used for example, to lift water from a stream, pond or a spring to a storage tank. This device is useful where small quantities of water are required to be pumped from the nearby source for the purposes such as house hold, gardening, or live stock when power supplies are limited. A hydraulic ram pump can be used where the usable fall from the water source to the pump is at least one meter. The hydraulic ram pump demonstrator is important equipment for civil, mechanical, agricultural and related branches of engineering educational institutions.

The hydraulic ram pump demonstrator has been designed to familiarize students with water hammer effect and the principle of operation of hydraulic ram pump. The pump can be mounted on and connected to the Sci-tech FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other hydraulic bench. The unit consists of a header tank connected to the hydraulic bench to supply water and the delivery section connected to a delivery tank at a higher elevation. The pump comprises of the piping system with inlet and outlet connections and a valve block mounted with the air vessel to reduce hydraulic shock. The supply line consists of inner and outer valves which operate in a cycle during the working of the pump. Different weights may be applied on the outer valve platform to change closing pressure and hence the pump cycle time. Pressure gauge is provided to measure pressure fluctuations.

The Hydraulic ram pump demonstrator is a compact unit and all components and instrumentation are placed in a robust and mobile frame. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant material.

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Header tank, supply head: 0.25 0.75 m variable.

2. Delivery tank, delivery head: 0.75 1.5 m variable.

3. Pump capacity: 2 lpm.

4. Inner valve.

5. Air vessel.

6. Pressure gauge, digital readout.

7. Outer valve with weight platform.

8. Piping system.

9. Mobile frame and panel.

Optional:Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface

Experiments:

1. Demonstration of the water hammer effect.

2. Familiarization with the operation of hydraulic ram pump.

3. Study of pressure versus flow characteristics of hydraulic ram pump.

4. Determination of efficiency of hydraulic ram pump.

5. Study of the effect of different weights on outer valve on hydraulic ram pump performance.

Sci-tech Pelton Wheel Turbine Demonstrator Model FM 16 is an impulse transferred by the impact of water jet on the runner fitted with buckets. The change in the momentum of water jet results in the force on the buckets which turns the runner. The torque developed is converted into useful work. Pelton turbines are used in hydro-electric power plants operating with water source available at high heads and low volume flow rates. It is essential for students to understand the characteristics of Pelton turbines. The Sci-tech Demonstration Unit is necessary equipment machinery for fluid mechanics educational institutions. Pelton turbine turbine and energy and its operations and performance Pelton Turbine for hydraulics laboratory is very important part of syllabus of fluid mechanics in educational institutions.

The Sci-tech Pelton Wheel Turbine Demonstrator Model FM 16 has been designed to enable students to study the operation and characteristics of a typical Pelton turbine. The unit has to be connected to the Sci-tech Hydraulic Bench FM 100. The runner is mounted on a horizontal shaft and is fitted with buckets. A horizontal jet of water issuing from the nozzle produces a force on the bucket. The flow rate through the nozzle can be adjusted by varying the position of the needle valve inside the nozzle. The output of the turbine is measured using a brake band friction dynamometer. Digital RPM indicator with proximity sensor is provided to measure shaft speed. The runner and nozzle assembly is enclosed in a casing. The bottom of the casing is open and allows water leaving the buckets to drain. The front face of the casing is made transparent using Perspex to allow observation of turbine during operation. The unit is a compact and designed for quick and easy setting up of experiments. All components and instrumentation are placed in robust and mobile frame.

Specifications

PELTON WHEEL TURBINE

a) Rating: 50W

Number of buckets: 16

• Drum Radius: 50mm
• Bucket depth: 14mm
• Jet diameter: 10mm
• Shaft diameter: 10mm
• Rated speed: @ 4000 rpm
• Torque: 40N

Brake:

• Pulley diameter: 60 mm.
• Effective radius: 50 mm.

Water pump, computer controlled:

• Maximum pressure: 7 bar.
• Maximum water flow: 80 l/min at 5.4 bar.

Pressure sensor: 0 to 100 PSI (0 to 6.7 bar).

Load cell - force sensor: 0 - 50N.

Flow sensor: 2 to 150 l/min.

Speed sensor: 0 - 20000 rpm.

Water transparent tank, capacity: 130 l approx.

b) Flow measuring Unit: A 50 mm (2) Venturi meter/Orifice meter with double column differential manometer (Without Mercury) on a panel board to measure the difference of pressure.

c) Reservoir of size 0.5 m length x 0.5 m width x 0.5 m. height with drain valve of size & a bend.

d) Starter, Switch, Digital speed indicator, Pipe line with gate valve & foot valve etc.

Optional :Sci-cal Software & Interface

List of Experiments

v Study of construction of Pelton turbine

v Determination constant head characteristics curve

v Determination of constant speed characteristics curves.

v Determination of constant efficiency curves.

v Iso-performance curves

Sci-tech Micro Hydro-power Generator Trainer using Pelton Wheel Turbine Model FM 16MH is an impulse transferred by the impact of water jet on the runner fitted with buckets. The change in the momentum of water jet results in the force on the buckets which turns the runner. The torque developed is converted into DC supply using alternator. Pelton turbines are used in hydro-electric power plants operating with water source available at high heads and low volume flow rates. It is essential for students to understand the characteristics of Pelton turbines. The Sci-tech trainer is necessary equipment machinery for fluid mechanics educational institutions. Pelton turbine and energy and its operations and performance Pelton Turbine for hydraulics laboratory is very important part of syllabus of fluid mechanics in educational institutions. A self-contained and robust training system that demonstrates the fundamental, principle, Operation and application of an off-grid educational micro hydro generation system. Trainer set specially designed, suitable system for learning and teaching purposes. The Sci-tech Pelton Wheel Turbine Demonstrator Model FM 16 has been designed to enable students to study the operation and characteristics of a typical Pelton turbine. The runner is mounted on a horizontal shaft and is fitted with buckets. A horizontal jet of water issuing from the nozzle produces a force on the bucket. The flow rate through the nozzle can be adjusted by varying the position of the needle valve inside the nozzle. The output of the turbine is measured using a brake band friction dynamometer. Digital RPM indicator with proximity sensor is provided to measure shaft speed. The runner and nozzle assembly is enclosed in a casing. The bottom of the casing is open and allows water leaving the buckets to drain. The front face of the casing is made transparent using Perspex to allow observation of turbine during operation. The unit is a compact and designed for quick and easy setting up of experiments. All components and instrumentation are placed in robust and mobile frame. List of Experiment v Study of construction of Pelton turbine v Determination constant head characteristics curve v Determination of constant speed characteristics curves. v Determination of constant efficiency curves. v Iso-performance curves vDemonstration of form of mini power generation for homes and communities that are close to water sources like rivers and streams Technical Specifications Micro Hydro Trainer Structure Constructed by steel profile structure with powder coated panel Equipped with digital AC voltage and ampere display meter AC Electrical power 220 -240V with MCB electrical input Moveable trainer with lockable castor wheels Pelton Turbine Micro Hydro Generator a) Rating: 50W to 500W b) Composite aircraft grade light aluminum material blades Number of buckets: 16 - 24 Drum Radius: 50mm 200mm Bucket depth: 14mm 25mm Jet diameter: 10mm 15mm Shaft diameter: 10mm 20mm Rated speed: @ 4000 rpm Torque: 40N 100N Brake: Pulley diameter: 60 mm 100mm. Effective radius: 50 mm 90mm. Water pump, computer controlled: Maximum pressure: @7 bar. Maximum water flow: 80 l/min at 5.4 bar. Pressure sensor: 0 to 100 PSI (0 to 6.7 bar). Load cell - force sensor: 0 - 100N. Flow sensor: 2 to 150 l/min. Speed sensor: 0 - 4000 rpm. Water SS, capacity: 130 l approx. Output alternator winding device: Overall 3 phase Generator: 3 Phase Permanent Magnet Rotor efficiency of 90% AC Variable Frequency Drive Input 1P AC 220 -240V Variable frequency drive unit Output 1P AC 220 -240V Power: 0.5 1.5kW Water Pump Power: 180W Supply: 1 phase Power: 0.5 1.5kW DC/AC Inverter Continuous power: 500W Surge power: 1000W Rate Output Voltage: 220 V Continu

Orifice is a simple device used to measure fluid flow rate in pipes. The flow rate is obtained by measuring the pressure loss across the calibrated orifice. Calibration of the orifice plate consists of determining the co-efficient of discharge which is the ratio of the measured actual discharge through the orifice to the theoretical discharge obtained from calculations. Study of the trajectory profiles of water jets issuing from the orifice and comparison with the calculated profile shapes is an interesting exercise to the student of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Sci-tech Orifice and Free Jet Flow Apparatus Model FM 17 has been designed to enable students to determine the co-efficient of discharge of sharp edged orifice and to study the trajectory profiles of water jets issuing from the orifice. It consists of a vertically mounted constant head transparent water tank. Water is supplied from the hydraulic bench or any closed circuit controlled water supply system. The orifice is installed with the axis horizontal on the wall at the base of the tank using special fittings flush with the inside surface. The head above the orifice is maintained constant using adjustable overflow pipe and the level is indicated by the level scale. The flow rate through the orifice can be varied by adjusting the level of the overflow pipe suitably and hence the head over the orifice. Water emerging from the orifice is collected in the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench to make actual discharge measurements. A jet trajectory tracing device with a plotting board and a number of depth gauge pins enables to plot the jet trajectory directly on the graph paper. The equipment is designed to fit into the FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models. Adjustable feet are provided to permit accurate leveling of the equipment before use. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. OPTION: Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Orifice and Free Jet Flow Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution. Experiments Following is the list of experiments that can be carried out using the Orifice and Free Jet Flow Apparatus: 1. Determination of co-efficient of velocity for an Orifice. 2. Determination of co-efficient of discharge for an Orifice. 3. Study of the co-efficient of discharge of Orifice with flow under constant head and flow under varying head. 4. Study of co-efficient of discharge at various values of head over the Orifice to study the influence of flow Reynolds number. 5. Comparison of the measured trajectory of the jet with the trajectory calculated from simple theory. 6. Study of trajectory of jet at various values of head over the Orifice. 7. Comparison of results obtained for two different diameter orifices. Specifications: Sharp Edged Orifice, Two Nos., diameters: 3.0mm and 6.0mm. Quandrant Edge Orifice Sharp Edge Orifice Cylindrical methacrylate tank, clear transparent, 300mm diameter, 500mm height, Supported on tripod legs with provision for leveling. Maximum constant head: 420mm. Max. Flow rate: 14LPM. Jet Trajectory Tracing Device with silkscreen printed scale, No. of Jet trajectory probes: 8. Pitot tube, positioning unit and manometer to measure the actual head over the Orifice. Optional Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate the results and plot graphs. (OPTION: Two Nozzles of standard dimensions and different geometries can also be supplied on request to enable conducting experiments for the determination of co-efficient of discharge and jet trajectory at various flow conditions. The nozzles can be mounted flush with the inside surface of the tank.) The manual describing the theoretical and practical aspects of the apparatus

Various devices are available to measure the fluid flow rate. Majority of these devices use the Bernoullis theorem which states that the sum of pressure head, velocity head and the potential head is constant along a stream line for a steady, in viscid and incompressible flow of fluid. Measurement of fluid flow rate is important to the students of mechanical, chemical, civil and several other branches of engineering.

The Sci-tech Flow Meter Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 18 is a mobile bench top unit and has been designed to demonstrate the working of the venture meter, orifice plate and the turbine flow meter. The apparatus consists of a piping network with flow meters located suitably and instrumented with static pressure taps. Provision is made to calibrate and determine the co-efficient of discharge of venture meter and orifice plate. The turbine flow meter is used as a reference. The flow meters are calibrated by static pressure measurements using manometers and actual flow measurements using graduated measuring tank of the hydraulic bench. Wall pressure tapings are provided along the converging and diverging portions of the venture-meter to measure the static pressure distribution. Multi-tube manometer having a manifold with an air bleed valve is supplied to make static pressure measurements. The manometer is pressurized by a hand pump.

Water is supplied by a hose connection to the inlet and flow rate is varied by a valve at the outlet. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. The FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

Specifications:

1. Piping system, 25mm nominal bore, and stainless steel.

2. Venturi meter, transparent, made of clear Acrylic and having convergent and divergent portions, throat diameter: 15mm, maximum diameter: 31.75mm, upstream taper: 21⁰, downstream taper: 14⁰. No. of static pressure taps: 7.

3. Orifice plate, 20mm nominal diameter.

4. Turbine flow meter, 2 - 20 liters/min, max. flow rate.

5. Multi-tube manometer, 0-440 mm water column, No. of tubes: 8 with hand pump.

Options:

1. Other types of water flow measuring devices such as (a) Sudden Enlargement, (b) Elbow (c) Variable Area Rotameter (d) Nozzle and (e) Pitot-tube with necessary pressure instrumentation can be included in the apparatus to suit the requirements of the user on request.

Experiments:

1. Familiarization with static pressure measurements.

2. Familiarization with flow measurement techniques.

3. Determination of co-efficient of discharge of orifice plate.

4. Determination of co-efficient of discharge of venturimeter.

5. Demonstration of continuity equation.

6. Demonstration of Bernoullis theorem.

7. Study of static pressure variation along the venturi at different flow rates.

8. Study of working and calibration of turbine flow meter.

Measurements:

1. Static pressures along the venturi meter.

2. Static pressures across orifice plate.

3. Flow rate using turbine flow meter.

4. Actual volume flow rate using Hydraulic Bench or graduated tank.

Cavitation is a phenomenon in which vapor pockets are released in the liquid flow because of the reduction in the local static pressure. Cavitation occurs in any device handling liquids whenever the local static pressure reduces below the vapor pressure of the liquid. The vapor bubbles formed during cavitation may cause the flow to become unsteady and reduce the performance of devices such as pumps and turbines. Collapsing of vapor bubbles on surfaces cause erosion damage or surface pitting damaging components. Understanding of cavitation phenomenon is important to the students of marine, civil, hydraulic, mechanical, chemical and several other branches of engineering.

The Sci-tech Cavitation Demonstration Apparatus Model FM 19 is a compact bench top unit and has been designed to visualize and study the cavitation phenomenon in water flow. The apparatus consists of a venturi - shaped test section made of clear acrylic to enable visualization of formation of bubbles and subsequent collapse of bubbles in the flow. The upstream section of the venturi is connected to the hydraulic bench or any suitable source of water. The FM00 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used. Cavitation is obtained by reducing pressure at the throat according to Bernoulli equation by varying the flow rate. Flow control valves at the upstream and downstream ends of the test section allow control of flow. Static pressures at the upstream section and the throat are measured using pressure gauges. The flow rate is measured using turbine flow meter. The apparatus can be mounted on the hydraulic bench and is provided with quick release fittings for easy connections. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials.

OPTION

Computer based learning Sci-cal software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Cavitation Demonstration Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Experiments

1. Visualization of cavitation phenomena.

2. Demonstration of reducing cavitation by increasing static pressure in the flow field.

3. Comparison of experimental and theoretical pressures for cavitation.

4. Determination of cavitation number

Measurements:

1. Static pressure at the upstream and the throat.

2. Actual volume flow rate using turbine flow meter or Hydraulic Bench.

Specifications:

1. Piping system and quick release fittings, 15mm nominal bore, and stainless steel.

2. Venturimeter, transparent, made of clear Acrylic and having convergent and divergent portions, throat diameter: 7.5mm, maximum diameter: 15mm, upstream taper: 150, downstream taper: 60.

3. Turbine flow meter, 2 liters/s max. flow rate.

4. Upstream pressure gauge: 0 to 1 bar with pressure tubing.

5. Throat vacuum gauge: -1 to 0 bar with pressure tubing.

6. Instrument mounting panel.

7. Sci-cal Computer based learning software.

Options

1. A self contained unit of Cavitation Demonstration Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. Electronic pressure transducers with digital display of pressures can be supplied instead of pressure gauges on request.

3. Computer based Sci-cal data acquisition system for acquiring pressure data can be supplied on request.

Francis turbine is a radial flow reaction turbine. Energy of water is transferred to the turbine runner by changes in both velocity and pressure. Water enters the turbine unit circumferentially through the spiral turbine casing. It enters the periphery of the stationary guide vanes and flows radially inwards through the runner. After passing through the runner, flow is discharged nearly axially through a draft tube before entering the tail race. The torque developed in the runner is converted into useful work. Francis turbines are used in hydro-electric power plants operating with water source available at medium heads (say, 15 to 300m of water) and volume flow rates. It is essential for students to understand the operation and performance characteristics of Francis turbines. Sci-tech Francis Turbine Demonstrator Trainer Model FM 21 is an experimental set-up necessary for any hydraulic machinery and fluid mechanics laboratory of an educational institution. The Sci-tech Francis Turbine Demonstrator Trainer Model FM 21 has been designed to enable students to study the operation and performance characteristics of a typical single stage Francis turbine. The unit has a sump tank and a centrifugal pump driven by electric motor to supply and re-circulate water. The turbine is mounted with the axis horizontal on the top of the robust mobile frame. Water enters the turbine casing through a variable area flow meter. A hand operated valve is provided at the inlet to control inlet head and flow rate. Inlet head is measured using a pressure gauge. After passing through the stationary guide vanes and runner, water is discharged through tube to the sump tank. A ring mechanism is provided to vary the position of inlet guide vanes. The flow rate though the runner can be controlled by operating inlet guide vanes. Transparent observation window is provided to see operation of inlet guide vane mechanism. Power generated in the turbine is absorbed by a disc brake dynamometer and the torque is measured using load cells. Turbine shaft speed is measured using digital tachometer. Instrumentation and control panel is included. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. The Sci-tech Francis TurbineDemonstration Apparatus Model FM 21 is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution. Optional Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. List of Experiments 1. Study of construction of Francis Turbine 2. Determination constant head characteristics curve 3. Determination of constant speed characteristics curves 4. Determination of constant efficiency curves. Important Features and Specifications: Standard Model: Turbine: output: 35W at 3000rpm, Water rate @. 40L/min, H=0.8m Impeller Impeller blades: 10 Impeller dia: 20mm Impeller inlet height: 14.5mm Impeller outlet dia: 50mm Guide vanes: 6 adjustable with positioning marks Measuring ranges Braking force: 20N Pressure Gauge: 0.5bar High Capacity Model: Functional model of Francis turbine, with a distributor with adjustable guide vanes that allows to control the water angle of incidence of the turbine: Diameter of the turbine: 52 mm. Speed range: 0-1200 r.p.m. approx. Rotor: Number of blades of the turbine: 15. Stator: Number of adjustable guide vanes of the distributor: 10. Braking system: Band brake with adjustable braking tension. Load cell-force sensor, range: 0-20N. Computer controlled water pump, with variable speed: Maximum height: 70 m. Maximum pressure: 7 bar. Maximum water flow: 120 l./min. Power: 1.5 kW. Transparent wa

Sci-tech Centrifugal Blower Test Apparatus Model FM 22 enables to study of performance of centrifugal blower (Compressor) & its calculation is main focus in designing this trainer. System is having Driving motor, Centrifugal Blower (Compressor), inlet & outlet ducts. The centrifugal blower & motor are mounted on a rigid stand. Measuring instruments are provided to measure Suction & Delivery pressure, Air Flow rate, Blower Speed, Motor Power Consumption. Sci-tech has designed the system having feature of easy to operate; demonstrated & requisite experimentation can be performed.

EXPERIMENTS POSSIBILITIES

Calculation of centrifugal fan / blower performance. To determine volumetric Efficiency, Mechanical Efficiency.

Plotting of intake volume flow rate versus delivery flow rate for varying duty.

Calculation of centrifugal fan / blower performance under variable speed, required pressure & capacity (with optional accessories).

SYSTEM SPECIFICATIONS

• Centrifugal blower: Discharge - 1500 CFM (Max.), Max. Pressure - 4 in of WC
• Variable speed Electric Motor: 0.5 HP, 2800 RPM with Speed controller
• Digital Multi-Function meter: Voltage; Current; Frequency & Wattage
• Inductive Sensor & RPM Indicator: 0-9999RPM
• Air Flow Measurement: Pitot Tube & Manometer or Anemometer
• Manometer for Suction & Delivery pressure
• Flow Control Valve.
• Electrical switches & wiring
• Frame & Control Panel: M.S. Square tubes & CR Sheet, duly powder coated.
• Optional: Different type of impellers that can be offered:

Centrifugal pump impeller forward curved, backward curved, radial tipped, airfoil bladed, open type or with shrouds.

Axial flow pump impeller

Mixed flow pump impeller

OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES

• Digital sensors & indicators for Flow, Pressure
• Sci-Cal Data logging software
• Cut Section Model of Centrifugal Blower
• Torque Measurement

Study of pipe friction and hence the pressure loss in pipes is important in view of the pumping power requirements in any pipe system. Sci-tech Pipe Friction Apparatus Model FM 23 is an experimental setup necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Sci-tech Pipe Friction Apparatus Model FM 23 has been designed to enable students to determine the friction factor in the pipe flow and to study the effect of change in flow velocity on pipe friction. The Laminar and turbulent flow regimes can be obtained by varying the flow velocity and hence the flow Reynolds number. The apparatus consists of a horizontal test pipe with static pressure tapings at the upstream and downstream ends to measure head loss due to friction to determine the friction factor. Extra pipe lengths are provided at the inlet and exit to allow the flow to become fully developed and to damp out the flow disturbance originating from the valves and fittings. The test pipe is mounted on a support frame and there is a provision for leveling. Water is supplied from the hydraulic bench (for higher flow rates) and the constant head feeding tank (for lower flow rates). Pressure drop along the test pipe length is measured using the U-tube mercury manometer or the pressurized water manometer depending upon the flow velocity. These manometers are mounted on a display panel with calibrated scales. The flow rate and hence the velocity though the test pipe is controlled by a regulation valve at the exit and the flow rate is measured by the flow meter or the measuring tank of the hydraulic bench. The friction factor is determined from the measured pressure loss and flow velocity. Experiments can be conducted at various flow velocities or Reynolds numbers to obtain friction factors in laminar or turbulent flow regimes. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials. The FM100 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water.

Computer Based Learning Software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs.

The Sci-tech Pipe Friction Apparatus Demonstration Model FM 23 is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Important Features and Specifications:

1. Test pipe, stainless steel, 3mm bore, 650mm long with two static pressure taps at 500mm apart.

2. Feeding tank, capacity: 10 liters, constant water head: 600mm length & 140mm diameter ID.

3. Mercury U-tube manometer, range: 200mm.

4. Pressurized water manometer, range: 400mm WC.

5. Flow meter, range: 2 Lpm with needle valve to regulate flow rate.

6. Ancillaries include measuring cylinder (5 liter capacity), hand pump and a sample of test pipe (100mm long).

7. Portable digital manometer (Optional)

Options:

1. A self contained unit of the Pipe Friction Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform and with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

2. A digital pressure meter can be supplied as an alternative to the mercury U-tube manometer on request.

List of Experiments:

1. Familiarization with pressure measurements and the working of U-tube manometer.

2. Study of loss of head due to friction in a circular pipe at various mean flow velocities.

3. Study of friction factors in laminar and turbulent flow regimes.

4. Demonstration of the law of pipe friction resistance in laminar to turbulent flow regimes.

5. Establishment of critical Reynolds number.

6. Comparison of experimental results of friction factor Reynolds number relationship with the well-known Moodys diagram.

Sci-tech Drain Permeameter Model FM-36 is suited for use both as a teaching and demonstration tool and for laboratory testing and research. The equipment consists of a 100mm diameter transparent column which may be filled with any soil type. A removable base section is provided into which the filter material to be investigated is placed.

Water is added to the column under a constant head and permeating water and soil is collected at the base. The discharge from the drain can be monitored to assess the efficiency of the filter material. The apparatus is supported on a sturdy metal frame and may be conveniently placed on a laboratory bench close to a water supply and drain.

Specifications

Sci-tech Drain Permeameter Model FM 25 comprises of:

- Acrylic column, 100mm diameter supported on a metal stand;

- Removable test section is provided at the base of the column to house the filter medium to be tested;

- The apparatus, which may be bench-mounted,

- Supplied complete with user instructions and manuals.

Experiments:

As a result of using this equipment students will be able to:

1. Determine relative efficiencies of drain filter materials

2. Select optimum filter/soil combinations.

The sum of pressure head and velocity head is constant along a horizontal stream line in a steady, inviscid and incompressible flow of fluid. The Sci-tech Pressure Distribution in Venturi Nozzle Model FM 26 Apparatus is a bench top unit and has been designed to measure the variation of static pressure and flow velocity in pipe flow having venturi and nozzle. The apparatus consists of transparent venturi tube and nozzle mounted in a horizontal pipe line. Wall pressure tapings are provided along the converging and diverging portions of the venturi and nozzle surface to measure the static pressure variation. Pitot probes are provided at suitable locations along the centre line of the venturi and nozzle to measure total head. Static and total pressures are measured using multi-tube manometer having a manifold with an air bleed valve. Manometer can be pressurized by a hand pump. Flow meter is provided to measure flow rate.

This apparatus can also be used to conduct laboratory experiments to (a) demonstrate continuity and Bernoullis equations and (b) determine the co-efficient of discharge of venturi and nozzle to use as flow measurement devices. The FM00 Hydraulic Bench or any other standard hydraulic bench models can be used to supply water. Water is supplied by a hose connection at the inlet and controlled by a valve at the outlet. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant materials.

OPTION:

Sci-Cal Computer based learning software is included to enable students understand and conduct experiments, tabulate results and plot graphs. The Sci-tech Pressure Distribution in Venturi Nozzle Apparatus is an important experimental set-up for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Following is the list of experiments that can be carried out using the Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration Apparatus:

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1. Familiarization with static and total pressure measurements.
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2. Demonstration of continuity equation.
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3. Demonstration of Bernoullis theorem.
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4. Measurement static pressure variation along the venture and nozzle at different flow rates.
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5. Study of flow velocity variation along the venturi and nozzle.
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6. Determination of Hydraulic Gradient Line and Energy Gradient Line.
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7. Determination of co-efficient of discharge of the venturi and nozzle.
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8. Study of venturi and nozzle as flow measurement devices.
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Measurements:

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1. Static pressures along the venturi.
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2. Total pressures along the venturi.
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3. Volume flow rate from Hydraulic Bench or flow meter.
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Important Features and Specifications:

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1. Venturi, transparent, made of clear Acrylic and having convergent and divergent portions, throat diameter: 12.0mm, maximum diameter: 25mm, upstream taper: 15⁰, downstream taper: 6⁰.
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2. No. of static pressure taps in venturi: 7.
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3. No. of Pitot probes in venturi: 7.
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4. Nozzle, transparent, made of clear acrylic, throat diameter: 12.0mm, maximum diameter: 25mm.
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5. No. of static pressure taps in nozzle: 4.
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6. No. of Pitot probes in nozzle: 4.
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7. Flow meter
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8. Multi-tube manometer, 0-300 mm water column, No. of tubes: 8.
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Option: A self contained unit of Pressure Distribution in Venturi Nozzle Apparatus mounted on a mobile platform with a flow controlled closed circuit water circulation unit consisting of centrifugal pump, flow meter, corrosion resistant sheet metal measuring tank and a sump tank will be supplied on request.

Sci-tech Infiltration Apparatus Model FM-28 provides a simple but effective laboratory demonstration of the infiltration processes which are fundamental to any form of irrigation.

The unit comprises three transparent cylinders in which soil samples are placed. Water poured onto the soil surface can then be observed as it infiltrates the sample.

Each cylinder features a graduated scale so that observations may be quantified. Each cylinder incorporates an air breather and a perforated base plate to facilitate drainage without undue soil loss.

Sci-tech Infiltration Apparatus comprising: three graduated Perspex cylinders, resting on a permeable support screen, into which soil samples are placed.

The complete apparatus is supported by a metal stand and may be bench mounted; complete with user instructions and manual.

Specifications

Aluminum Structure:

This is made up of aluminum structure with 3 Glass Pipes mounted over Eurobond sheet mounted above.

Size: 0.5m x 0.5m x 0.9m

Measuring Glass for Experiments:

Glass of Inside diameter 75mm and Length 500mm, with measuring scale attached over glass pipes.

Number of glass 03

Components

Aluminum Structure

Glass Tubes 3 Nos.

Pipe Bracket

Gaskets

Measurement Scale

Tool Set and Accessories

Experiments Possibilities

Demonstration of the effect of crusting on infiltration

Understand the effects of soil texture and structure on infiltration

Understand the effects of existing soil moisture conditions on infiltration

Demonstration of relationship between soil type and infiltration and penetration rates

Demonstration of the relationship between soil particle size and infiltration

The effect of organic matter content on infiltration and penetration rate

The effect of non-homogeneous soil strata on infiltration and penetration rates

The effect of moisture content on infiltration and penetration rates

The effect of straw mulch on infiltration rate

Software:

Sci-Cal DAQ Software & real time acquisition

Sci-tech Falling Sphere Viscometer & Particle Drag Coefficient Apparatus Model FM 29 is designed to enhance student study of liquid viscosity and particle drag coefficient, it consists of two precision bore glass tube mounted on wall mounting frame with back light source for easy visualize the fall of particle.

Students can place the test sphere on to the top of tube, let it fall freely, with stop watch measured the time

take to fall to the bottom. A valve system at the bottom of tube allows to remove the sphere easily.

Technical specification

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• Glass tube of 93mm inside diameter & 103mm outside diameter (Optionally any required diameters) and 1.3 meter long.
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• Milky White acrylic with back light source of 3 LED Tube Lights.
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• Bottom opening valve
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• 1 set of SS 5, 10, 15, 20, & 25mm diameter balls (balls with ball gauge and case)
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• A stopwatch.
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• Two plastic beakers with a capacity of 0.50 l. each one.
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Streamline shape test sample, 2nos

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• Viscosity measuring ranges 0.6 to 70000 mPas.
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• The specified viscosity measuring range refers to measuring times from 30 to 300 seconds
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• Relative error: 0.5 to 2%
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• Temperature range: -60 to + 150 C
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• Measuring Distance: 100 mm
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• Required quantity of substance to measured: 40 ml Dimensions (width x depth x height ): 205 mm x 185 mm x 315 mm
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Experiments

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• Determine the drag coefficient of various sphere particle.
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• Determine the viscosity of liquid.
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Determine the drag coefficient of various shape particle.

Kaplan Turbine is an axial flow reaction turbine named in honour of Dr. B. Kaplan, a German Engineer.

Sci-tech Kaplan Turbine Demonstrator Trainer Model FM 30 is suitable for low head. The power produced by a turbine is proportional to QH. As the head (H) decreases the J discharge (Q) must increase to produce the same power. The present set-up consists of a scroll casing housing a runner. Water enters the turbine through the stationary guide vanes and passes through the runner axially. The runner has a hub and airfoil vanes, which are mounted on it.

In Sci-tech Kaplan Turbine Demonstrator Trainer Model FM 30 the water is fed to the turbine by means of Centrifugal Pump of a hydraulic bench, FM 100F. The runner is directly mounted on one end of a central SS shaft and other end is connected to a brake arrangement. A transparent hollow cylinder made of acrylic is fitted in between the draft tube and the casing for observation of flow. Load is applied to the turbine with the help of rope brake arrangement so that the efficiency of the turbine can be calculated. The set-up is supplied with control panel. A draft tube is fitted on the outlet of the turbine.

The set-up is complete with guide mechanism. Pressure and Vacuum gauges are fitted at the inlet and outlet of the turbine to measure the total supply head on the turbine

Sci-tech Kaplan Turbine Test Rig FM 30 is designed to show the operation & performance characteristics of Kaplan Turbine. A vertical shaft Kaplan Turbine to develop from 50 Watts to 1000 Watts at 1500 rpm, rope brake arrangement can be coupled for loading.

Structural Specifications

1) Stainless structure.

2) Screws, nuts, plates and all the metallic elements in stainless steel.

3) Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit.

4) Quick connections for adaptation to feed hydraulics source.

Technical Data

(A)Kaplan Turbine:

Rating: 50W

Functional model of a Kaplan turbine, with a ring of wicket gates that allows to control the water flow in the turbine.

Speed range: 0 2500 r.p.m.

Number of blades of the turbine: 4.

Diameter of the turbine: 52 mm.

Number of wicket gates of the ring: 8.

Braking system:

Band brake.

Adjustable braking tension.

Radius of the pulley of the brake: 50 x 10-3 m.

Transparent water tank, capacity: 120 l. approx.

Instrumentation and sensors:

2 Water pressure sensors, range: 0 - 100 PSI.

Force sensor (load cell), range: 0 - 20 N.

Slot sensor to measure the speed, range: 0-20000 r.p.m.

Water flow sensor, range: 2 - 150 l./min.

Water pump:

Maximum height: 20 m.

Maximum pressure: 2.2 bar.

Maximum water flow: 160 l./min.

Power: 0.5 kW.

Speed adjustable through variable-speed drive.

Optional:Sci-cal Software & Interface

Experiments

1. Study of construction of Kaplan turbine

2. Determination constant head characteristics curve

3. Determination of constant speed characteristics curves.

4. Determination of constant efficiency curves.

Study of open channel flows is a subject of interest in basic fluid mechanics and Hydraulics. A flow channel with a provision to control depth of flow over in the channel can provide a very useful tool to study several aspects of open channel flows. Adjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit is an essential equipment for fluid mechanics, hydraulics, civil, mechanical and related laboratories in science and engineering institutions.

The Sci-tech 10M LONGAdjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit Model FM 32/10Mis suitable for demonstrations and teaching of open channel flows. By closing the top of the channel, the unit can also be used to demonstrate duct flows. The complete unit is mounted on a mobile platform fixed on castor wheels. The apparatus is self-sufficient with water recirculation system consisting of flow inlet tank, centrifugal pump, flow control valves, discharge tank, water flow meter and sump tank. The inlet tank consists of baffle plate and screens to reduce disturbances in the flow. The discharge tank consists of adjustable over flow weir which can be adjusted to control flow conditions in the working section. The working section is transparent and is made of clear acrylic. Other components of the unit are made of corrosion resistant materials. Experiments can be conducted in both open channel flow and duct flow modes. The channel consists of adjustable floor section which along with the transition section can be raised or lowered usingsuitable inserts. The combination of adjustable floor and upper boundary plate enable formation of various types of ducts to conduct experiments. Flow control valve is provided upstream of the inlet tank control flow rate. The mid-section of the upper boundary wall is made removable for fast changing and installation of models in the working section. Total pressure probes and static pressure tapings are provided at five locations along the working section. Total pressure probes can be moved vertically and fixed at different positions over the depth of the channel. Different models, such as hump, weirs etc., required to carryout studies mentioned in the list of experiments are supplied. Provision is made to fix models in the working section using suitable fixtures.

Specifications for 10m Channel Flume:

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1. Open channel flow and duct flow modes of operation.
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2. Self contained unit consisting of diaphragm flow control valve, inlet tank with baffle plate and screens, centrifugal pump, flow meter, discharge tank with adjustable over flow weir and sump tank.
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3. Working section, metal channel frame with clear acrylic/glass sides, length: 10m, width: 100mm, height: 300mm.
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4. Transition section and adjustable floor section.
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5. Floor inserts for converging and converging-diverging duct flows.
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6. Upper boundary plate.
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7. Weirs (3 Nos).
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8. Models: hump, sluice gate.
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9. rnrnrnrnrnrnrn

   rnrnrnrnrnrnrn rn rn rn rn rn

   rnModel fixtures.
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10. Total pressure probes (3 Nos) with fixtures to vary position.
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11. Static pressure taps (3 Nos).
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12. Max. free surface depth: 250mm.
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13. Max. bed height above channel: 220mm.
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14. Max. pump flow: 5.liters/sec
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List of Experiments:

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1. Demonstration of open channel flows.
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2. Demonstration of duct flows.
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3. Demonstration of Bernoullis equation in converging flows.
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4. Energy losses in converging and diverging flows.
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5. Study of flow over weirs.
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6. Specific energy relationships for sub-critical and super-critical flows.
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7. Critical depth upstream water level studies.
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8. Flow over broad crested weirs.
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9. Flow under sluice gate.
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10. Study of hydraulic jump.
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11. Surface wave studies.
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12. Flow visualization and study of stream line patterns. (OPTIONAL)
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13. Demonstration of laminar and turbulent flow by flow visualization. (OPTIONAL)
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The Sci-tech Adjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit Model FM 32 - 15M to 20Mis suitable for demonstrations and teaching of open channel flows. By closing the top of the channel, the unit can also be used to demonstrate duct flows. The complete unit is mounted on a mobile platform fixed on castor wheels. The apparatus is self-sufficient with water recirculation system consisting of flow inlet tank, centrifugal pump, flow control valves, discharge tank, water flow meter and sump tank. The inlet tank consists of baffle plate and screens to reduce disturbances in the flow. The discharge tank consists of adjustable overflow weir which can be adjusted to control flow conditions in the working section. The working section is transparent and is made of clear acrylic. Other components of the unit are made of corrosion resistant materials. Experiments can be conducted in both open channel flow and duct flow modes. The channel consists of adjustable floor section which along with the transition section can be raised or lowered using suitable inserts. The combination of adjustable floor and upper boundary plate enable formation of various types of ducts to conduct experiments. Flow control valve is provided upstream of the inlet tank control flow rate. The mid-section of the upper boundary wall is made removable for fast changing and installation of models in the working section. Total pressure probes and static pressure tapings are provided at five locations along the working section. Total pressure probes can be moved vertically and fixed at different positions over the depth of the channel. Different models, such as hump, weirs etc., required to carry out studies mentioned in the list of experiments are supplied. Provision is made to fix models in the working section using suitable fixtures. Specifications for Channel Flume: General: Open channel flow and duct flow modes of operation. Self-contained unit consisting of diaphragm flow control valve, inlet tank with baffle plate and screens, centrifugal pump, flow meter, discharge tank with adjustable overflow weir and sump tank. Transition section and adjustable floor section. Floor inserts for converging and converging-diverging duct flows. Upper boundary plate. Weirs as per accessories list Models: hump, sluice gate, etc. Model fixtures as per accessories list. Pressure probes with fixtures to vary position. Static pressure taps. Specifications 1. Walls Toughened glass: 10 12mm thick 2. Bed exclusively fabricated from 1.5 2mm stainless steel 3. End Tanks FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic) 4. Sump tanks in SS & pipe network PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride) & PE (polyethylene) 5. Pump Close-coupled centrifugal 6. Flow regulation valve Hand wheel operated butterfly valve 7. Tilt parameters +ve slope 20 & -ve slope max 10 8. Flow meter Electromagnetic 9. Maximum flow rate 30 Litres/sec 10. Bed stability 1.0mm (typical) at 400mm water depth 11. Side wall stability 0.5mm (typical) at 400mm water depth 12. Width 0.3m Depth 0.45m 13. Electric supply 3Ph, 50Hz 14. Pitot tube and manometer 15. Culvert fitting, one edge square, one rounded 16. Flow splitters, central wall with various nose pieces 17. Free overflow spill complete with ski jump, sloping apron and bleed reverse curvature attachments 18. Syphon spillway and air regulated syphon 19. Differential pressure sensor for use with Pitot tube 20. Wave generator and wave absorbing beach 21. Comprises two beds of different roughness. Gravel Bed and Corrugated Bed.(Model 32RB). Each 2.5m long consists of three sections additional total 6 sections additional. 22. False floor sections for gradually varied profiles 23. Spirit level mounted on every 2.5m section 24. 2

Study of open channel flows is a subject of interest in basic fluid mechanics and Hydraulics. A flow channel with a provision to control depth of flow over in the channel can provide a very useful tool to study several aspects of open channel flows. Adjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit is an essential equipment for fluid mechanics, hydraulics, civil, mechanical and related laboratories in science and engineering institutions.

The Sci-tech Adjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit Model FM 32is suitable for demonstrations and teaching of open channel flows. By closing the top of the channel, the unit can also be used to demonstrate duct flows. The complete unit is mounted on a mobile platform fixed on castor wheels. The apparatus is self sufficient with water recirculation system consisting of flow inlet tank, centrifugal pump, flow control valves, discharge tank, water flow meter and sump tank. The inlet tank consists of baffle plate and screens to reduce disturbances in the flow. The discharge tank consists of adjustable over flow weir which can be adjusted to control flow conditions in the working section. The working section is transparent and is made of clear acrylic. Other components of the unit are made of corrosion resistant materials. Experiments can be conducted in both open channel flow and duct flow modes. The channel consists of adjustable floor section which along with the transition section can be raised or lowered using suitable inserts. The combination of adjustable floor and upper boundary plate enable formation of various types of ducts to conduct experiments. Flow control valve is provided upstream of the inlet tank control flow rate. The mid-section of the upper boundary wall is made removable for fast changing and installation of models in the working section. Total pressure probes and static pressure tapings are provided at five locations along the working section. Total pressure probes can be moved vertically and fixed at different positions over the depth of the channel. Different models, such as hump, weirs etc., required to carryout studies mentioned in the list of experiments are supplied. Provision is made to fix models in the working section using suitable fixtures.

Specifications:

1. Open channel flow and duct flow modes of operation.
2. Self-contained unit consisting of diaphragm flow control valve, inlet tank with baffle plate and screens, centrifugal pump, flow meter, discharge tank with adjustable over flow weir and sump tank.
3. Working section, clear acrylic, length: 4.7m, width: 50mm, height: 150mm.
4. Transition section and adjustable floor section.
5. Floor inserts for converging and converging-diverging duct flows.
6. Upper boundary plate.
7. Weirs (3 Nos).
8. Models: hump, sluice gate.
9. Model fixtures.
10. Total pressure probes (3 Nos) with fixtures to vary position.
11. Static pressure taps (3 Nos).
12. Max. free surface depth: 150mm.
13. Max. bed height above channel: 120mm.
14. Max. pump flow: 2.liters/sec.

Options:

1. Flow visualization system consisting of dye injection tank of 0.5 liters reservoir capacity, 5 Nos. dye injection needles with needle valves at exit can be supplied on request.
2. Any other models required by the user can be supplied on request.

3. Sci-Cal Computer Control Software & Interface

Experiments:

1. Demonstration of open channel flows.
2. Demonstration of duct flows.
3. Demonstration of Bernoullis equation in converging flows.
4. Energy losses in converging and diverging flows.
5. Study of flow over weirs.
6. Specific energy relationships for sub-critical and super-critical flows.
7. Critical depth upstream water level studies.
8. Flow over broad crested weirs.
9. Flow under sluice gate.
10. Study of hydraulic jump.
11. Surface wave studies.
12. Flow visualization and study of stream line patterns. (OPTIONAL)
13. Demonstration of laminar and turbulent flow by flow visualization. (OPTIONAL)

Study of open channel flows is a subject of interest in basic fluid mechanics and Hydraulics. A flow channel with a provision to control depth of flow over in the channel can provide a very useful tool to study several aspects of open channel flows. Adjustable Bed Flow Channel Unit is an essential equipment for fluid mechanics, hydraulics, civil, mechanical and related laboratories in science and engineering institutions. Sci-tech Fixed Mobile Bed Unit FM32F is a particularly useful unit to demonstrate the fluidization phenomenon in engineering. It makes it possible to study different situations of flow and mobile bed visualization related to civil engineering structures. This unit may be used mainly in two study fields. The first one is the investigation of mobile beds, which are related to water courses and civil engineering structures. The second one is related to the visualization of the flow in two dimensions. FM 32F consists of an horizontal channel through which a current of water flows slowly and at a constant depth. The working section is 2000 x 610 mm. Study with the channel is simple thanks to the installation of different models and structures in it, making the flow circulate around them. The unit is self-contained and it consists of an inlet tank with adjustable gate, channel with sand filters, discharge tank, water storage tanks, centrifugal pump, electromagnetic flow meter and set of models. The practical exercises with this unit are carried out by using water and sand. The sand bed can be placed on a polycarbonate sheet, which is located inside the flow channel. Specifications The Fixed Mobile Bed is mounted on a metallic structure. This unit is divided into three sections: inlet tank, working section (channel) and discharge tank. These sections are assembled through joints in order to get a complete assembly. There is a sand filter between the end of the channel and the discharge tank. Stainless steel inlet tank with adjustable gate. It is supplied with a control at the upper side of the tank which makes it possible to change the slope of such gate. Dimensions: 530 mm x 710 mm x 530 mm. Flow channel made of stainless steel, including a main rail with millimeter rulers (Longitudinal cross piece). A structure which includes a sub-rail (transversal crosspiece) is supported on the rail. It makes it possible to put a depth gauge to measure the water level and determine the outline of the sand bed during the development of the practical exercises. Dimensions: 2000 mm x 710mm x 350 mm. The working section is 2000mm x 610 mm, and max. water depth is 120 mm approx. The practical exercises with this unit are carried out by using water and sand. The sand bed can be placed on a polycarbonate sheet, which is located inside the flow channel. Discharge tank made of stainless steel with overflow. It is divided into two parts, the one closer to the channel enables the sedimentation of sand, whereas the second part enables the removal of the water which overflows from the first section. Dimensions: 850 mm x 710 mm x 530 mm Two storage tanks made of polyethylene of approximately 250 l. each one. It has a filter at the pump 's inlet to retain possible residues. Centrifugal pump: flow range: 7.2 - 18 m /h; height: 14.4 19.70 M.W.C. Electromagnetic flow meter: flow range: 10-70 l./min. Membrane valve. Two different size gates. A set of models included: Bridge piers models: 2 rectangular models. 4 cylindrical models. 4 square models. 2 profiled rectangular models. 2 rectangular models with rounded ends Triangular model. Asymmetrical aerofoil model. Six baffles to direct the water flow during the experimental tests. A set of 12 L shaped profiles. Three pairs of different angles to build additional models Diagram in the front panel with similar distribution to the elements in the real unit. Electronic console, including: Motor-pump starter. Flow meter measurement display. Cables and accessories, for normal operation. Manuals: Thi

Fluid mechanics is an important subject and has applications in several areas including air conditioning, aerospace, automobile, and industrial air distribution systems. Study of air flows and its measurement is important for understanding the basic principles of fluid mechanics. Sci-tech Air Flow Studies Apparatus Model FM 34 is important equipment for laboratories in certificate level, diploma and degree level courses of mechanical, civil, chemical, aeronautical, environmental and related branches of engineering of any educational institutions. Sci-tech Air Flow Studies Apparatus Model FM 034 is a self-contained and compact unit designed to demonstrate the basic fluid mechanics principles by conducting measurements of important characteristics associated with a typical industrial air distribution system. The apparatus will enable students to study the principles of fluid mechanics by analysing the flows in ducts and jets. The apparatus consists of a long smooth walled stainless-steel pipe with a bell mouth entry connected to the suction side of the centrifugal fan. The bell mouth entry prevents flow separation from the walls of the pipe at the entrance. The turbulence in the pipe is reduced because of the use of suction fan. Flow straightening vanes are provided to minimize formation of vortices resulting in reduction of turbulence in the test pipe. The fan discharge pipe terminates in a flow control damper (for closed circuit operation) or a plate containing an aperture to obtain a jet for measurements. Two nozzles and an orifice plate are provided to measure flow rate by differential static pressure measurements. Static pressure taps are provided along the length of the pipe at equal intervals to measure pressure gradient along the pipe. A bend or mitered cascade elbow can be fitted at the inlet of the pipeline to measure the pressure loss. Provision is made to measure the boundary layer growth and the mean velocity profiles at six stations along the pipe length by traversing the Pitot probe. Arrangement is provided to study the characteristics of the jet flow by traversing the Pitot-static probe in the jet flow. The probe can be traversed in two perpendicular directions at several stations along the length of the jet to study the jet spread or dispersion. Pressures are measured using a 15-tube inclined manometer. The inclined manometer is provided to make sensitive pressure measurements. The complete equipment is mounted on a steel frame having the provision for levelling. Specifications 1. Centrifugal fan, capacity about 250 LPS at STP. 2. Velocity in pipe: 35 m/s (max.) 3. Pipe inlet diameter: 80 mm.(approx.) 4. Length of pipe: 2.5m 3m. 5. Bell mouth entry. 6. Interchangeable nozzles (2 Nos.): dia. 50 and 80mm. 7. Orifice plate ID: 50mm. 8. Jet discharge pipe dia.: 30mm. 9. Jet traverse range: 160mm X 600mm. 10. Multi-tube inclined manometer, 15 tube, 0.6m long. 11. Manometer fluid: Kerosene. 12. Bend and mitred cascade elbow. 13. Pitot probe. 14. Pitot-static probe. 15. Probe traverse for duct flow measurements. 16. Probe traverse for jet flow measurements. 17. Support system. Technical Specifications A. Centrifugal fan, with speed control: Max. volumetric flow rate: 1800 m/h. Max. motor power: 750 W. B. It includes a plate with one orifice at the discharge side of the fan to carry out air jet dispersion practical exercises, orifice diameter: 30 mm. C. Long smooth test pipe, inner diameter 81.4 mm; length: 2500 mm approx. It includes: Deflector in the inlet to prevent air-separation from the wall of the pipe and reduce the formation of vortices. Ten pressure tappings to measure the pressure gradient along the pipe A. Five stations to use the transverse Pitot tube and to determine the boundary layer growth and the development of velocity profile. B. Two Pitot tubes: Pitot tube located at the discharge of the fan, attached and properly protected

Sci-tech Axial Flow Impulse Turbine Test Apparatus Model FM 35 is widely used for pumping liquids in several applications including domestic, industrial, irrigation and drainage. The Impulse Turbine is a small-scale impulse turbine unit which is designed to be used in conjunction with the service unit. An impulse turbine uses the momentum transferred from the impact of a jet of water onto the turbine blades to generate power The Impulse Turbine is an experimental set-up necessary for any Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory of an educational institution.

Sci-tech Axial Flow Impulse Turbine Test Apparatus Model FM 35 consists of an inlet manifold which supplies water to four jets which are equally spaced around the turbine runner. Each of the jets can be individually controlled using ball valves. The runner itself is mounted on a horizontal shaft with a clear acrylic splash guard to allow maximum visibility of the workings. The unit incorporates a pressure sensor to measure the inlet condition of the water. This pressure can be accurately controlled using the software supplied with the service unit.

The impulse Turbines a compact unit and all components and instrumentation are placed in a robust and mobile frame. The complete unit is manufactured from corrosion resistant material.

Specifications

- Investigation of a compressed air driven axial impulse turbine

- Front panel for observing the operating area

- Distributor with 4 nozzles

- Selectable number of nozzles

- Applying a load to the turbine by using the wear-free eddy current brake

- Setting the primary pressure with the pressure reducing valve

- Valve and flow meter for setting the flow rate

- Solenoid valve as a safety device to prevent over-speed

- Determination of the torque on the turbine shaft using a force sensor

- Measurement of the turbine speed with an optical speed sensor

- Manometer for displaying pressures on the inlet and outlet side

- Digital display of speed, torque and temperature

Technical Specifications

Nozzles (four 20 nozzles and four 30 nozzles):

Throat inlet diameter: 2 mm. Throat outlet diameter: 2 mm.

Discharge angle: 20 and 30.

Turbine Rotor:

External diameter: 53 mm. Internal diameter: 45 mm. Number of blades: 40.

Inlet angle of the blades: 40. Outlet angle of the blades: 40.

Used material: brass.

Brake:

Pulley diameter: 51 mm. Effective radio: 27.5 mm.

Four Pressure sensors, range: 0 - 100 PSI (0 - 6.7 bar).

Load cell, range: 0 - 2 Kg.

Force sensor (torque), range: 0 - 20 N (maximum).

Flow sensor, range: 0 - 30 l/min.

Speed sensor, range: 0 to 20000 rpm.

Water pump, computer controlled: maximum pressure: 7 bar, maximum head: 80 m., maximum water flow: 120 l/min., power: 1.5 kW.

Water transparent tank, capacity: 110 l approx.

OPTIONS:

Sci-Cal Computer Control Software

List of Experiments:

• Design and function of an impulse turbine
• Determination of torque, power and efficiency
• Investigation of the effect of nozzle pressure and number of nozzles

Determining the characteristics of the turbine including the relationships of volume flow rate, head, torque produced, power output and efficiency to rotational speed.

Comparison of nozzle and throttling control of an Impulse Turbine

• Graphical representation of characteristic curves for torque, power and efficiency